Leafy vegetable production under controlled environment using artificial lighting has many advantages over conventional greenhouses and open-field production.However,high initial investment and operation costs are res...Leafy vegetable production under controlled environment using artificial lighting has many advantages over conventional greenhouses and open-field production.However,high initial investment and operation costs are restricting the wide application of this technology.In order to design an optimal artificial lighting environment for lettuce production,effects of different combinations of light intensity,photoperiod,and light quality on growth,quality,photosynthesis,and energy use efficiency of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.cv Ziwei)were investigated under a closed plant factory.Lettuce transplants were grown under photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD)at 150μmol/m^(2)·s,200μmol/m^(2)·s,250μmol/m^(2)·s,and 300μmol/m^(2)·s provided by fluorescent lamps(FL)with a red to blue ratio(R:B ratio)of 1.8 and light-emitting diode(LED)lamps with R:B ratio of 1.2 and 2.2,in combination with photoperiod of 12 and 16 h/d.In order to examine the“long term”photosynthetic characteristics,net photosynthetic rates of hydroponic lettuce leaves were continuously measured for 2 d(15^(th) and 16^(th) day after transplanting)before harvest.There was no difference in leaf fresh weight(FW)between PPFD of 250μmol/m^(2)·s and 300μmol/m^(2)·s with photoperiod of 16 h/d,regardless of light quality,and same results showed in contents of nitrate,soluble sugar,and vitamin C,respectively.The results of continuous measurements of net photosynthetic rate of lettuce leaves before harvest indicated that plants grown at PPFD of 250μmol/m^(2)·s had consistently higher compared to those grown at PPFD of 300μmol/m^(2)·s.Combining the results from growth,photosynthesis,quality,and energy consumption,it can be concluded that PPFD at 250μmol/m^(2)·s with photoperiod of 16 h/d under LED with R:B ratio of 2.2 is a suitable light environment for maximum growth and high quality of commercial lettuce(cv.Ziwei)production under indoor controlled environment.展开更多
Photon upconversion has received substantial attention owing to its great promise in broad applications from bioimaging to other frontier fields like display,upconversion laser,information security and anticounterfeit...Photon upconversion has received substantial attention owing to its great promise in broad applications from bioimaging to other frontier fields like display,upconversion laser,information security and anticounterfeiting.A smart control and manipulation of the upconversion luminescence has always been a key topic,however,to date the most efficient mechanism for upconversion nanoparticles remains the energy transfer upconversion and recently reported energy migration mediated upconversion.Recently,we found that the interfacial energy transfer(IET)is also an efficient approach for enabling and tuning photon upconversion of lanthanide ions.Moreover,it can be used for the mechanistic understanding of the interionic interactions such as energy transfer and energy migration on the nanoscale.In this review,the recent advances of the research on the IET are summarized,the principles for designing IET process and typical examples are discussed together with its applications in both mechanistic research and frontier information security.The challenges and perspectives for future research are also commented.展开更多
In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according ...In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10<sup>-10</sup> J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.展开更多
In this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe is derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an...In this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe is derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron is represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It is shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy and the time duration of emission are constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. The inequality derived is given by ρ<sub>Λ</sub> ≤ 9.9×10<sup>-9</sup>J/m<sup>3</sup> where ρ<sub>Λ </sub>is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 0.538 × 10<sup>-9</sup>J/m. Since there is a direct relationship between the vacuum energy density and the Einstein’s cosmological constant, the inequality can be converted directly to that of the cosmological constant.展开更多
Several recent publications show that the electromagnetic radiation generated by transmitting antennas satisfy the following universal conditions: The time domain radiation fields satisfy the condition A ≥ h/4π &...Several recent publications show that the electromagnetic radiation generated by transmitting antennas satisfy the following universal conditions: The time domain radiation fields satisfy the condition A ≥ h/4π ⇒q ≥ e where A is the action of the radiation field, which is defined as the product of the radiated energy and the duration of the radiation, h is the Planck constant, e is the electronic charge and q is the charge associated with the radiating system. The frequency domain radiation fields satisfy the condition U ≥ hv ⇒q ≥ e where U is the energy radiated in a single burst of radiation of duration T/2 and v is the frequency of oscillation. The goal of this paper is to show that these conditions, which indeed are expressions of the photonic nature of the electromagnetic fields, are satisfied not only by the radiation fields generated by physical antennas but also by the radiation fields generated by accelerating or decelerating electric charges. The results presented here together with the results obtained in previous studies show that hints of the photonic nature of the electromagnetic radiation remain hidden in the field equations of classical electrodynamics, and they become apparent when the dimension of the radiating system is pushed to the extreme limits as allowed by nature.展开更多
Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-ax...Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins—transversal and longitudinal—which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon’s simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed;a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.展开更多
A new photon-in/photon-out endstation at beamline 02B02 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for studying the electronic structure of energy materials has been constructed and fully opened to users.The endst...A new photon-in/photon-out endstation at beamline 02B02 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for studying the electronic structure of energy materials has been constructed and fully opened to users.The endstation has the capability to perform soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy in total electron yield and total fluorescence yield modes simultaneously.The photon energy ranges from 40 eV to 2000 eV covering the K-edge of most low Z-elements and the L-edge of 3d transition-metals.The new self-designed channeltron detector allows us to achieve good fluorescence signals at the low photon flux.In addition,we synchronously collect the signals of a standard reference sample and a gold mesh on the upstream to calibrate the photon energy and monitor the beam fluctuation,respectively.In order to cross the pressure gap,in situ gas and liquid cells for soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy are developed to study the samples under realistic working conditions.展开更多
This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size w...This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size would be quite separate from the cross-section of a photonic interaction, which depends on the material interacting. Such a perpendicular dimension of a photon will be invariant under Lorentz transform parallel to the light propagation direction and will thus be the same for all frequencies of light. This study also leads to new details about how a photon interacts, offering an explanation for the familiar physics where light slightly above and below the mean frequency of an excited state can still excite the same state without violation of conservation of energy—a mystery explored thoroughly in a previous paper without finding the solution offered here. As usual, a better elucidation of the details of light interaction also leads to new insights—especially about the vacuum field. The <strong>Appendix </strong>summarizes some previous research relevant to this展开更多
Infiltrating phase change materials(PCMs)into nanoporous metal–organicframeworks(MOFs)is accepted as a cutting-edge thermal energy storageconcept.However,weak photon capture capability of pristine MOF-basedcomposite ...Infiltrating phase change materials(PCMs)into nanoporous metal–organicframeworks(MOFs)is accepted as a cutting-edge thermal energy storageconcept.However,weak photon capture capability of pristine MOF-basedcomposite PCMs is a stumbling block in solar energy utilization.Towards thisgoal,we prepared advanced high-performance pristine MOF-based photothermalcomposite PCMs by simultaneously integrating photon absorber guest(polypyrrole[PPy])and thermal storage guest(1-octadecanol[ODA])intoan MOF host(Cr-MIL-101-NH2).The coated PPy layer on the surface ofODA@MOF not only serves as a photon harvester,but also serves as a phononenhancer.Resultantly,ODA@MOF/PPy composite PCMs exhibit intense andbroadband light absorption characteristic in the ultraviolet–visible–nearinfraredregion,and higher heat transfer ability than ODA@MOF.Importantly,the photothermal conversion and storage efficiency of ODA@MOF/PPy-6%is up to 88.3%.Additionally,our developed MOF-based photothermalcomposite PCMs also exhibit long-standing antileakage stability,energystorage stability,and photothermal conversion stability.The proposed coatingstrategy and in-depth understanding mechanism are expected to facilitate thedevelopment of high-efficiency MOF-based photothermal composite PCMs insolar energy utilization.展开更多
According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory,and Newton’s first law as a basis that can look at the overall situation,and by virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact,it is pointed out:...According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory,and Newton’s first law as a basis that can look at the overall situation,and by virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact,it is pointed out:Only in reality can there be inertia.Inertia represents the continuity of the development of things.As the speed gradually approaches the c,the particle’s mass also approaches zero along with its static mass due to the impact of electromagnetic radiation,which is exactly the root where the energy shrinkage effect of high-speed particles comes from,and also the primary factor causing the spectrum redshift.Therefore,the Big Bang theory is wrong.All photons are produced from high-density particles through electromagnetic radiation.Wherever there is fluctuation,there must be mass,and vice versa.This is the correct understanding of“wave-particle duality”.No matter whether the high-speed electrons or the photons produced by them all have different static masses,their charge-mass ratio is always the same physical constant,and not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiations.This is the true internal mechanism to constitute the uncertainty principle,and conforms to the experimental facts related to it.It can be proved that in a constant magnetic field,the high-speed electron or photon having a relatively large curvature radius has a high moving speed and less mass,energy and wave frequency.Since Einstein used the absolute space-time established by Newton as the criterion and came to the conclusion that the relative space-time was curved,then he should no longer make circular arguments,that was,used the relative space-time as the criterion,to change the unit length and time established by the absolute space-time.展开更多
We propose aΛ-type superconducting three-energy-level device-based communication system for extremely weak microwave communication scenarios,for example,long-distance deep-space communication.We provide a system diag...We propose aΛ-type superconducting three-energy-level device-based communication system for extremely weak microwave communication scenarios,for example,long-distance deep-space communication.We provide a system diagram and propose the frame synchronization and power estimation approaches based on pre-defined synchronization sequences.Based on the microwave response characteristics of the superconducting three-energy-level system,we further investigate the optimization of synchronization sequence and information symbol modulation.We show that three-energy-level systems with weak Markovianity can be approximated using independent identical distribution methods to obtain optimal synchronization sequences,and the optimal modulation is asymmetric.The proposed system design and optimization approaches are evaluated by numerical results.Moreover,we investigate the performance of the three-energy-level communication system in the presence of interference.Simulation results show that the three-energy-level communication system can tolerate more than 10 dB interference compared to long term evolution(LTE)systems and achieve the same communication rate for the same bandwidth and temperature.展开更多
In a recent paper, we have studied the nature of the electromagnetic energy radiated over a single period of oscillation by an antenna working in frequency domain under ideal conditions and without losses when the osc...In a recent paper, we have studied the nature of the electromagnetic energy radiated over a single period of oscillation by an antenna working in frequency domain under ideal conditions and without losses when the oscillating charge in the antenna is reduced to the elementary charge. Here we extend and expand that study. The energy radiated by an oscillating current in an antenna occurs in bursts of duration T/2, where T is the period of oscillation. The results obtained here, based purely on classical electrodynamics, can be summarized by the inequality U ≥hv→q0 ≥e where U is the energy radiated in a single burst of duration T/2, h is the Planck constant, ν is the frequency of oscillation and q0 is the magnitude of the oscillating charge associated with the current. The condition U=hv→q0=e is obtained when the length of the antenna is equal to the ultimate Hubble radius of the universe (i.e. the maximum value of the antenna length allowed by nature) and the wavelength is equal to the Bohr radius (resulting from the smallest possible radius of the conductor allowed by nature). The ultimate Hubble radius is directly related to the vacuum energy density. The inequality obtained here is in general agreement with the one obtained in the previous study. One novel feature of this extended analysis is the discovery of an expression, in terms of the elementary charge and other atomic constants, for the vacuum energy density of the universe. This expression predicts the vacuum energy density to be about 4×10-10?J/m3 which is in reasonable agreement with the measured value of 6×10-10 J/m3.展开更多
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(“863”Program)of China(2013AA103005).
文摘Leafy vegetable production under controlled environment using artificial lighting has many advantages over conventional greenhouses and open-field production.However,high initial investment and operation costs are restricting the wide application of this technology.In order to design an optimal artificial lighting environment for lettuce production,effects of different combinations of light intensity,photoperiod,and light quality on growth,quality,photosynthesis,and energy use efficiency of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.cv Ziwei)were investigated under a closed plant factory.Lettuce transplants were grown under photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD)at 150μmol/m^(2)·s,200μmol/m^(2)·s,250μmol/m^(2)·s,and 300μmol/m^(2)·s provided by fluorescent lamps(FL)with a red to blue ratio(R:B ratio)of 1.8 and light-emitting diode(LED)lamps with R:B ratio of 1.2 and 2.2,in combination with photoperiod of 12 and 16 h/d.In order to examine the“long term”photosynthetic characteristics,net photosynthetic rates of hydroponic lettuce leaves were continuously measured for 2 d(15^(th) and 16^(th) day after transplanting)before harvest.There was no difference in leaf fresh weight(FW)between PPFD of 250μmol/m^(2)·s and 300μmol/m^(2)·s with photoperiod of 16 h/d,regardless of light quality,and same results showed in contents of nitrate,soluble sugar,and vitamin C,respectively.The results of continuous measurements of net photosynthetic rate of lettuce leaves before harvest indicated that plants grown at PPFD of 250μmol/m^(2)·s had consistently higher compared to those grown at PPFD of 300μmol/m^(2)·s.Combining the results from growth,photosynthesis,quality,and energy consumption,it can be concluded that PPFD at 250μmol/m^(2)·s with photoperiod of 16 h/d under LED with R:B ratio of 2.2 is a suitable light environment for maximum growth and high quality of commercial lettuce(cv.Ziwei)production under indoor controlled environment.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702101,51972119,51472088)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(2017BT01X137)。
文摘Photon upconversion has received substantial attention owing to its great promise in broad applications from bioimaging to other frontier fields like display,upconversion laser,information security and anticounterfeiting.A smart control and manipulation of the upconversion luminescence has always been a key topic,however,to date the most efficient mechanism for upconversion nanoparticles remains the energy transfer upconversion and recently reported energy migration mediated upconversion.Recently,we found that the interfacial energy transfer(IET)is also an efficient approach for enabling and tuning photon upconversion of lanthanide ions.Moreover,it can be used for the mechanistic understanding of the interionic interactions such as energy transfer and energy migration on the nanoscale.In this review,the recent advances of the research on the IET are summarized,the principles for designing IET process and typical examples are discussed together with its applications in both mechanistic research and frontier information security.The challenges and perspectives for future research are also commented.
文摘In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10<sup>-10</sup> J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.
文摘In this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe is derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron is represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It is shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy and the time duration of emission are constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. The inequality derived is given by ρ<sub>Λ</sub> ≤ 9.9×10<sup>-9</sup>J/m<sup>3</sup> where ρ<sub>Λ </sub>is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 0.538 × 10<sup>-9</sup>J/m. Since there is a direct relationship between the vacuum energy density and the Einstein’s cosmological constant, the inequality can be converted directly to that of the cosmological constant.
文摘Several recent publications show that the electromagnetic radiation generated by transmitting antennas satisfy the following universal conditions: The time domain radiation fields satisfy the condition A ≥ h/4π ⇒q ≥ e where A is the action of the radiation field, which is defined as the product of the radiated energy and the duration of the radiation, h is the Planck constant, e is the electronic charge and q is the charge associated with the radiating system. The frequency domain radiation fields satisfy the condition U ≥ hv ⇒q ≥ e where U is the energy radiated in a single burst of radiation of duration T/2 and v is the frequency of oscillation. The goal of this paper is to show that these conditions, which indeed are expressions of the photonic nature of the electromagnetic fields, are satisfied not only by the radiation fields generated by physical antennas but also by the radiation fields generated by accelerating or decelerating electric charges. The results presented here together with the results obtained in previous studies show that hints of the photonic nature of the electromagnetic radiation remain hidden in the field equations of classical electrodynamics, and they become apparent when the dimension of the radiating system is pushed to the extreme limits as allowed by nature.
文摘Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins—transversal and longitudinal—which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon’s simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed;a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11227902)as part of NSFC ME2 beamline project,Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(Grant No.14520722100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11905283 and U1632269)
文摘A new photon-in/photon-out endstation at beamline 02B02 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for studying the electronic structure of energy materials has been constructed and fully opened to users.The endstation has the capability to perform soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy in total electron yield and total fluorescence yield modes simultaneously.The photon energy ranges from 40 eV to 2000 eV covering the K-edge of most low Z-elements and the L-edge of 3d transition-metals.The new self-designed channeltron detector allows us to achieve good fluorescence signals at the low photon flux.In addition,we synchronously collect the signals of a standard reference sample and a gold mesh on the upstream to calibrate the photon energy and monitor the beam fluctuation,respectively.In order to cross the pressure gap,in situ gas and liquid cells for soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy are developed to study the samples under realistic working conditions.
文摘This paper begins by exploring a useful and neglected detail of a photon—its physical size perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the same way as an atom or neutron has a physical size. Such a photon size would be quite separate from the cross-section of a photonic interaction, which depends on the material interacting. Such a perpendicular dimension of a photon will be invariant under Lorentz transform parallel to the light propagation direction and will thus be the same for all frequencies of light. This study also leads to new details about how a photon interacts, offering an explanation for the familiar physics where light slightly above and below the mean frequency of an excited state can still excite the same state without violation of conservation of energy—a mystery explored thoroughly in a previous paper without finding the solution offered here. As usual, a better elucidation of the details of light interaction also leads to new insights—especially about the vacuum field. The <strong>Appendix </strong>summarizes some previous research relevant to this
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51902025,52201264Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ZR2022QE047。
文摘Infiltrating phase change materials(PCMs)into nanoporous metal–organicframeworks(MOFs)is accepted as a cutting-edge thermal energy storageconcept.However,weak photon capture capability of pristine MOF-basedcomposite PCMs is a stumbling block in solar energy utilization.Towards thisgoal,we prepared advanced high-performance pristine MOF-based photothermalcomposite PCMs by simultaneously integrating photon absorber guest(polypyrrole[PPy])and thermal storage guest(1-octadecanol[ODA])intoan MOF host(Cr-MIL-101-NH2).The coated PPy layer on the surface ofODA@MOF not only serves as a photon harvester,but also serves as a phononenhancer.Resultantly,ODA@MOF/PPy composite PCMs exhibit intense andbroadband light absorption characteristic in the ultraviolet–visible–nearinfraredregion,and higher heat transfer ability than ODA@MOF.Importantly,the photothermal conversion and storage efficiency of ODA@MOF/PPy-6%is up to 88.3%.Additionally,our developed MOF-based photothermalcomposite PCMs also exhibit long-standing antileakage stability,energystorage stability,and photothermal conversion stability.The proposed coatingstrategy and in-depth understanding mechanism are expected to facilitate thedevelopment of high-efficiency MOF-based photothermal composite PCMs insolar energy utilization.
文摘According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory,and Newton’s first law as a basis that can look at the overall situation,and by virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact,it is pointed out:Only in reality can there be inertia.Inertia represents the continuity of the development of things.As the speed gradually approaches the c,the particle’s mass also approaches zero along with its static mass due to the impact of electromagnetic radiation,which is exactly the root where the energy shrinkage effect of high-speed particles comes from,and also the primary factor causing the spectrum redshift.Therefore,the Big Bang theory is wrong.All photons are produced from high-density particles through electromagnetic radiation.Wherever there is fluctuation,there must be mass,and vice versa.This is the correct understanding of“wave-particle duality”.No matter whether the high-speed electrons or the photons produced by them all have different static masses,their charge-mass ratio is always the same physical constant,and not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiations.This is the true internal mechanism to constitute the uncertainty principle,and conforms to the experimental facts related to it.It can be proved that in a constant magnetic field,the high-speed electron or photon having a relatively large curvature radius has a high moving speed and less mass,energy and wave frequency.Since Einstein used the absolute space-time established by Newton as the criterion and came to the conclusion that the relative space-time was curved,then he should no longer make circular arguments,that was,used the relative space-time as the criterion,to change the unit length and time established by the absolute space-time.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China.62171428Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS.QYZDY-SSW-JSC003。
文摘We propose aΛ-type superconducting three-energy-level device-based communication system for extremely weak microwave communication scenarios,for example,long-distance deep-space communication.We provide a system diagram and propose the frame synchronization and power estimation approaches based on pre-defined synchronization sequences.Based on the microwave response characteristics of the superconducting three-energy-level system,we further investigate the optimization of synchronization sequence and information symbol modulation.We show that three-energy-level systems with weak Markovianity can be approximated using independent identical distribution methods to obtain optimal synchronization sequences,and the optimal modulation is asymmetric.The proposed system design and optimization approaches are evaluated by numerical results.Moreover,we investigate the performance of the three-energy-level communication system in the presence of interference.Simulation results show that the three-energy-level communication system can tolerate more than 10 dB interference compared to long term evolution(LTE)systems and achieve the same communication rate for the same bandwidth and temperature.
文摘In a recent paper, we have studied the nature of the electromagnetic energy radiated over a single period of oscillation by an antenna working in frequency domain under ideal conditions and without losses when the oscillating charge in the antenna is reduced to the elementary charge. Here we extend and expand that study. The energy radiated by an oscillating current in an antenna occurs in bursts of duration T/2, where T is the period of oscillation. The results obtained here, based purely on classical electrodynamics, can be summarized by the inequality U ≥hv→q0 ≥e where U is the energy radiated in a single burst of duration T/2, h is the Planck constant, ν is the frequency of oscillation and q0 is the magnitude of the oscillating charge associated with the current. The condition U=hv→q0=e is obtained when the length of the antenna is equal to the ultimate Hubble radius of the universe (i.e. the maximum value of the antenna length allowed by nature) and the wavelength is equal to the Bohr radius (resulting from the smallest possible radius of the conductor allowed by nature). The ultimate Hubble radius is directly related to the vacuum energy density. The inequality obtained here is in general agreement with the one obtained in the previous study. One novel feature of this extended analysis is the discovery of an expression, in terms of the elementary charge and other atomic constants, for the vacuum energy density of the universe. This expression predicts the vacuum energy density to be about 4×10-10?J/m3 which is in reasonable agreement with the measured value of 6×10-10 J/m3.
