Pain is a strong symptom of diseases. Being an involuntary unpleasant feeling, it can be considered a reliable indicator of health issues. Pain has always been expressed verbally, but in some cases, traditional patien...Pain is a strong symptom of diseases. Being an involuntary unpleasant feeling, it can be considered a reliable indicator of health issues. Pain has always been expressed verbally, but in some cases, traditional patient self-reporting is not efficient. On one side, there are patients who have neurological disorders and cannot express themselves accurately, as well as patients who suddenly lose consciousness due to an abrupt faintness. On another side, medical staff working in crowded hospitals need to focus on emergencies and would opt for the automation of the task of looking after hospitalized patients during their entire stay, in order to notice any pain-related emergency. These issues can be tackled with deep learning. Knowing that pain is generally followed by spontaneous facial behaviors, facial expressions can be used as a substitute to verbal reporting, to express pain. In this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was built and trained to detect pain through patients’ facial expressions, using the UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain dataset. First, faces were detected from images using the Haarcascade Frontal Face Detector provided by OpenCV, and preprocessed through gray scaling, histogram equalization, face detection, image cropping, mean filtering, and normalization. Next, preprocessed images were fed into a CNN model which was built based on a modified version of the VGG16 architecture. The model was finally evaluated and fine-tuned in a continuous way based on its accuracy, which reached 92.5%.展开更多
Painful conditions are probably among the most frequent reasons for seeking medical advice and assistance.Although pain is a common complaint among psychiatric patients,clinicians generally separate its presence from ...Painful conditions are probably among the most frequent reasons for seeking medical advice and assistance.Although pain is a common complaint among psychiatric patients,clinicians generally separate its presence from the background mental disorder and downplay its importance,trying primarily to control the psychiatric symptomatology.As a sensory modality,the presence of pain and its importance account for an impressive body of scholarly research.Cartesian methodology considered sensations of all modalities in a mechanistic form,which actually sounds obsolete.However,authors have continuously been faced with the same dilemmas plaguing scholars for centuries.We assume that a large portion of the sensory inputs might be generators of distorted perceptions,which subsequently lead to psychopathology.Auditory and visual hallucinations are incontestable examples.Somaesthetic hallucinations also exist,but pain hardly deserves such a denomination.Nevertheless,chronic pain and psychiatric comorbidity is a reality that needs explanation.Painkillers are not effective in treating psychiatric disorders,and antipsychotics do very little,perhaps nothing,to relieve pain.The pharmacological approach opens one door on the horizon and closes many others,while clinicians continue to face a high prevalence of comorbid pain and mental health issues.However,attempts to correlate altered body schemata(as distorted as it may be,for example,in phantom limb pain) with somatic delusions can simplify all these dilemmas,and the basket of psychophysiology,in fact,might be bigger than presumed.展开更多
文摘Pain is a strong symptom of diseases. Being an involuntary unpleasant feeling, it can be considered a reliable indicator of health issues. Pain has always been expressed verbally, but in some cases, traditional patient self-reporting is not efficient. On one side, there are patients who have neurological disorders and cannot express themselves accurately, as well as patients who suddenly lose consciousness due to an abrupt faintness. On another side, medical staff working in crowded hospitals need to focus on emergencies and would opt for the automation of the task of looking after hospitalized patients during their entire stay, in order to notice any pain-related emergency. These issues can be tackled with deep learning. Knowing that pain is generally followed by spontaneous facial behaviors, facial expressions can be used as a substitute to verbal reporting, to express pain. In this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was built and trained to detect pain through patients’ facial expressions, using the UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain dataset. First, faces were detected from images using the Haarcascade Frontal Face Detector provided by OpenCV, and preprocessed through gray scaling, histogram equalization, face detection, image cropping, mean filtering, and normalization. Next, preprocessed images were fed into a CNN model which was built based on a modified version of the VGG16 architecture. The model was finally evaluated and fine-tuned in a continuous way based on its accuracy, which reached 92.5%.
文摘Painful conditions are probably among the most frequent reasons for seeking medical advice and assistance.Although pain is a common complaint among psychiatric patients,clinicians generally separate its presence from the background mental disorder and downplay its importance,trying primarily to control the psychiatric symptomatology.As a sensory modality,the presence of pain and its importance account for an impressive body of scholarly research.Cartesian methodology considered sensations of all modalities in a mechanistic form,which actually sounds obsolete.However,authors have continuously been faced with the same dilemmas plaguing scholars for centuries.We assume that a large portion of the sensory inputs might be generators of distorted perceptions,which subsequently lead to psychopathology.Auditory and visual hallucinations are incontestable examples.Somaesthetic hallucinations also exist,but pain hardly deserves such a denomination.Nevertheless,chronic pain and psychiatric comorbidity is a reality that needs explanation.Painkillers are not effective in treating psychiatric disorders,and antipsychotics do very little,perhaps nothing,to relieve pain.The pharmacological approach opens one door on the horizon and closes many others,while clinicians continue to face a high prevalence of comorbid pain and mental health issues.However,attempts to correlate altered body schemata(as distorted as it may be,for example,in phantom limb pain) with somatic delusions can simplify all these dilemmas,and the basket of psychophysiology,in fact,might be bigger than presumed.
