We present a magnetic force microscopy study of surface magnetic microstructure changes at high temperatures in 2：17-type Sm（Co,Fe, Cu,Zr）z （z ～ 7.4） magnets. Surface magnetic microstructures are found to change...We present a magnetic force microscopy study of surface magnetic microstructure changes at high temperatures in 2：17-type Sm（Co,Fe, Cu,Zr）z （z ～ 7.4） magnets. Surface magnetic microstructures are found to change greatly in parallel and vertical specimens after heat-treatment at 400℃ for one hour in vacuum of 10^-5 Torr with Ar gas as protecting atmosphere. Changes of microstructures are attributed to the formation of a soft-magnetic surfaces layer in the specimens, resulting from Sm volatilization due to high temperature. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the heat-treatment experiments at 400℃ for 0.5 h and 2 h. Finally, the existence of the soft-magnetic layers, which consist primarily of Fe Co compounds, is verified by the results of both XRD and XPS of the vertical specimens before and after heat-treatment.展开更多
Electronic structure of SmCo7-xHfx compound is calculated by using the multi-scattering Xα method. It is shown that a few of electrons can transfer to the Sm 5d orbital due to orbital hybridization between Sm and Co ...Electronic structure of SmCo7-xHfx compound is calculated by using the multi-scattering Xα method. It is shown that a few of electrons can transfer to the Sm 5d orbital due to orbital hybridization between Sm and Co atoms. The 3d-5d coupling is stronger, which is the main reason to result in the long-range ferromagnetic order between Sm and Co atoms in SmCo7-xHfx. According to the Stoner criterion, the result of spin-unpolarized calculation for the Sm5Co32Hf2 duster could lead to a better understanding of why the ferromagnetic SmCo7-xHfx is a stable phase. For the Sm5Co32Hf2 duster the Fermi level is situated at the overall maximum of the density of states. Moreover the duster wavefunctions at EF are antibonding and hence highly localized in real space, which would lead to a large value for the duster Stoner integral. Thus a rationalization for the magnetic stability of SmCo7-xHfx has been obtained.展开更多
Permanent magnetic materials capable of operating at high temperature up to 500℃ have wide potential applications in fields such as aeronautics, space, and electronic cars. SmCo alloys are candidates for high tempera...Permanent magnetic materials capable of operating at high temperature up to 500℃ have wide potential applications in fields such as aeronautics, space, and electronic cars. SmCo alloys are candidates for high temperature applications, since they have large magnetocrystalline anisotropy field （6-30 T）, high Curie temperature （720-920℃）, and large energy product （〉200 kJ.m-3） at room temperature. However, the highest service temperature of commercial 2：17 type SmCo magnets is only 300℃, and many efforts have been devoted to develop novel high temperature permanent magnets. This review focuses on the development of three kinds of SmCo based magnets： 2：17 type SmCo magnets, nanocrystalline SmCo magnets, and nanocomposite SmCo magnets. The oxidation protection, including alloying and surface modification, of high temperature permanent magnets is discussed as well.展开更多
在永磁电机设计中,永磁体(permanent magnet,PM)作为励磁磁源,其结构、尺寸直接影响电机的性能。进化策略(evolution strategies,ES)是一类仿效自然选择和基因突变的智能优化算法,具有适应性广、鲁棒性好、适用于并行计算等优点。该文...在永磁电机设计中,永磁体(permanent magnet,PM)作为励磁磁源,其结构、尺寸直接影响电机的性能。进化策略(evolution strategies,ES)是一类仿效自然选择和基因突变的智能优化算法,具有适应性广、鲁棒性好、适用于并行计算等优点。该文将ES引进到永磁电机PM结构的优化设计中,并将有限元分析(finite element analysis,FEA)与ES相结合进行优化设计。以一台8.5 k W的轮毂电机作为优化对象,通过联合ES和FEA对PM结构尺寸进行优化,轮毂电机的齿槽转矩有效减小了81.7%,平均电磁转矩增大了5.3%。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10374110 and 50201004.
文摘We present a magnetic force microscopy study of surface magnetic microstructure changes at high temperatures in 2：17-type Sm（Co,Fe, Cu,Zr）z （z ～ 7.4） magnets. Surface magnetic microstructures are found to change greatly in parallel and vertical specimens after heat-treatment at 400℃ for one hour in vacuum of 10^-5 Torr with Ar gas as protecting atmosphere. Changes of microstructures are attributed to the formation of a soft-magnetic surfaces layer in the specimens, resulting from Sm volatilization due to high temperature. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the heat-treatment experiments at 400℃ for 0.5 h and 2 h. Finally, the existence of the soft-magnetic layers, which consist primarily of Fe Co compounds, is verified by the results of both XRD and XPS of the vertical specimens before and after heat-treatment.
基金Supported by the National High-Technology Research and Development Programme of China under Grant No 2002AA324050, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant Nos Y2002D9 and Y2004A10.
文摘Electronic structure of SmCo7-xHfx compound is calculated by using the multi-scattering Xα method. It is shown that a few of electrons can transfer to the Sm 5d orbital due to orbital hybridization between Sm and Co atoms. The 3d-5d coupling is stronger, which is the main reason to result in the long-range ferromagnetic order between Sm and Co atoms in SmCo7-xHfx. According to the Stoner criterion, the result of spin-unpolarized calculation for the Sm5Co32Hf2 duster could lead to a better understanding of why the ferromagnetic SmCo7-xHfx is a stable phase. For the Sm5Co32Hf2 duster the Fermi level is situated at the overall maximum of the density of states. Moreover the duster wavefunctions at EF are antibonding and hence highly localized in real space, which would lead to a large value for the duster Stoner integral. Thus a rationalization for the magnetic stability of SmCo7-xHfx has been obtained.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51071010 and 50925101)the Innovation Foundation of Beihang University for Ph.D. Graduates
文摘Permanent magnetic materials capable of operating at high temperature up to 500℃ have wide potential applications in fields such as aeronautics, space, and electronic cars. SmCo alloys are candidates for high temperature applications, since they have large magnetocrystalline anisotropy field （6-30 T）, high Curie temperature （720-920℃）, and large energy product （〉200 kJ.m-3） at room temperature. However, the highest service temperature of commercial 2：17 type SmCo magnets is only 300℃, and many efforts have been devoted to develop novel high temperature permanent magnets. This review focuses on the development of three kinds of SmCo based magnets： 2：17 type SmCo magnets, nanocrystalline SmCo magnets, and nanocomposite SmCo magnets. The oxidation protection, including alloying and surface modification, of high temperature permanent magnets is discussed as well.
文摘在永磁电机设计中,永磁体(permanent magnet,PM)作为励磁磁源,其结构、尺寸直接影响电机的性能。进化策略(evolution strategies,ES)是一类仿效自然选择和基因突变的智能优化算法,具有适应性广、鲁棒性好、适用于并行计算等优点。该文将ES引进到永磁电机PM结构的优化设计中,并将有限元分析(finite element analysis,FEA)与ES相结合进行优化设计。以一台8.5 k W的轮毂电机作为优化对象,通过联合ES和FEA对PM结构尺寸进行优化,轮毂电机的齿槽转矩有效减小了81.7%,平均电磁转矩增大了5.3%。
