目的:评估阴道镜初学者阴道镜拟诊与病理诊断宫颈病变吻合情况,分析阴道镜拟诊不足和拟诊过度的原因。方法:回顾性分析2015年3~10月在北京大学第一医院由单一阴道镜初学者独立操作诊断的最初200例宫颈病变患者。对阴道镜拟诊与病理诊断...目的:评估阴道镜初学者阴道镜拟诊与病理诊断宫颈病变吻合情况,分析阴道镜拟诊不足和拟诊过度的原因。方法:回顾性分析2015年3~10月在北京大学第一医院由单一阴道镜初学者独立操作诊断的最初200例宫颈病变患者。对阴道镜拟诊与病理诊断吻合率、偏离率进行总结,并分析拟诊不足和拟诊过度的原因。结果:174例宫颈活检病理证实的患者中,拟诊吻合率59.2%,拟诊不足率18.4%,拟诊过度率22.4%。阴道镜诊断HSIL拟诊不足病例TCT正常率为78.6%,高于HSIL拟诊吻合病例18.1%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HSIL拟诊不足病例14例患者的阴道镜图像中,在病理证实为HSIL的部位均有致密浓厚醋白上皮存在。HSIL拟诊不足病例绝经后妇女21.4%,高于HSIL拟诊吻合病例0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HSIL拟诊吻合病例取活检数目高于拟诊不足病例(中位数3.5 vs 2),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。拟诊过度病例活检数目高于拟诊吻合病例(中位数3 vs 2),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:阴道镜拟诊宫颈病变时过度依赖TCT检查结果、对醋白上皮认识不足和对绝经后妇女容易发生拟诊不足,增加活检数目对于HSIL拟诊吻合率有帮助,但拟诊过度往往导致了活检数目的增加。展开更多
Objective: To redefine overdiagnosis and reestimate the proportion of overdiagnosis of breast cancer caused by screening based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER, 1973-2015) Program data.Methods: ...Objective: To redefine overdiagnosis and reestimate the proportion of overdiagnosis of breast cancer caused by screening based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER, 1973-2015) Program data.Methods: The breast cancer diagnosed before 1977 was defined as the no-screening cohort since America had initiated breast cancer screening from 1977. The breast cancer diagnosed in 1999 was defined as the screening cohort due to no increases in both the proportion of early-stage breast cancer until 1999 and the overall survival of early-stage breast cancer diagnosed over the three years since 1999. The magnitude of overdiagnosis was calculated as the difference in the proportions of early-stage breast cancer patients with long-time(15-year) survival to all breast cancer patients between two cohorts.Results: Over 23 years before and after widespread screening in America, the proportion of early-stage breast cancer patients increased from 52.1%(16,891/32,443) to 72.7%(16,021/22,025)(P<0.001). The 15-year survival rate of early-stage breast cancer patients increased from 51.1% to 61.5%(P<0.001), while the proportions of earlystage breast cancer patients with long-time survival to all breast cancer patients increased from 26.6%(52.1%×51.1%) to 44.7%(72.7%×61.5%). Assuming no improvements in cancer screening technology and treatment technology, 18.1%(44.7%-26.6%) of breast cancer patients were overdiagnosed associated with screening. The age-specific overdiagnosis rates were 18.9%, 24.7%, 24.5%, 20.5%, and 8.3% for breast cancer patients aged 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-74, and ≥75 years old, respectively.Conclusions: Overdiagnosis caused by mammographic screening is probably overestimated in current screening practices. Further trials with more sophisticated designs and analyses are needed to validate our findings in the future.展开更多
Background Borderline gastrointestinal stromal tumors （GISTs） are intermediate tumors between benign and malignant variants; however, the clinical and pathological features of borderline GISTs remain poorly defined....Background Borderline gastrointestinal stromal tumors （GISTs） are intermediate tumors between benign and malignant variants; however, the clinical and pathological features of borderline GISTs remain poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize GISTs and to identify a set of borderline criteria for practical use. Methods Medical records and specimens of 840 patients from 12 hospitals were retrospectively examined. Totally 485 and 76 patients with any of the parameters predictive of either malignant or benign tumors were excluded. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate disease-free survival and overall survival rates. Results Among the remaining 279 borderline GIST patients, 223 were followed up for 1 to 31.48 years. Two patients developed local recurrence, and both were cured by subsequent operations alone. The 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 99% and 100%, respectively. Morphologically, borderline GISTs typically exhibited moderate cellularity, and subsets of them also showed moderate atypia, low mitotic activities, or large tumor size. According to the National Institutes of Health （NIH） consensus criteria, the risk levels of the 279 GISTs were classified to be very low to high. However, the disease-free survival rates were not significantly different among these risk groups （P=0.681）. Conclusions The proposed borderline GIST criteria in the current study may complement the existing NIH criteria, based primarily on tumor size and mitotic count, in the evaluation of the biological behaviors of GISTs. Since a subset of borderline GISTs with high risk level showed favorable outcome, the introduction of the borderline GIST system may avoid overdiagnosis and over therapy.展开更多
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 （Cyr61） is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the transduction of growth factor and hormone signaling that is frequently altered in expression in several types of cancers...Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 （Cyr61） is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the transduction of growth factor and hormone signaling that is frequently altered in expression in several types of cancers. In prostate cancer （PCa）, Cyr61 is highly expressed in organ-confined disease. Further, Cyr61 expression levels are associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence, and can be quantitatively measured in the serum. Considered together, these results indicate that Cyr61 is a potential and clinically useful tissue, as well as serum-based biomarker for differentiating lethal and non-lethal PCa.展开更多
Imaging workup of patients referred for elective assessment of chest disease requires an articulated approach: Imaging is asked for achieving timely diagnosis. The concurrent or subsequent use of thoracic ultrasound(T...Imaging workup of patients referred for elective assessment of chest disease requires an articulated approach: Imaging is asked for achieving timely diagnosis. The concurrent or subsequent use of thoracic ultrasound(TUS) with conventional(chest X-rays-) and more advanced imaging procedures(computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) implies advantages, limitations and actual problems. Indeed, despite TUS may provide useful imaging of pleura, lung and heart disease, emergency scenarios are currently the most warranted field of application of TUS: Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, lung consolidation. This stems from its role in limited resources subsets; actually, ultrasound is an excellent risk reducing tool, which acts by:(1) increasing diagnostic certainty;(2) shortening time to definitive therapy; and(3) decreasing problems from blind procedures that carry an inherent level of complications. In addition, paediatric and newborn disease are particularly suitable for TUS investigation, aimed at the detection of congenital or acquired chest disease avoiding, limiting or postponing radiological exposure. TUS improves the effectiveness of elective medical practice, in resource-limited settings, in small point of care facilities and particularly in poorer countries. Quality and information provided by the procedure are increased avoiding whenever possible artefacts that can prevent or mislead the achievement of the correct diagnosis. Reliable monitoring of patients is possible, taking into consideration that appropriate expertise, knowledge, skills, training, and even adequate equipment's suitability are not always and everywhere affordable or accessible. TUS is complementary imagingprocedure for the radiologist and an excellent basic diagnostic tool suitable to be shared with pneumologists, cardiologists and emergency physicians.展开更多
Gastric cancer screening using endoscopy has recently spread in Eastern Asian countries showing increasing evidence of its effectiveness. However, despite the benefits of endoscopic screening for gastric cancer, its m...Gastric cancer screening using endoscopy has recently spread in Eastern Asian countries showing increasing evidence of its effectiveness. However, despite the benefits of endoscopic screening for gastric cancer, its major harms include infection, complications, falsenegative results, false-positive results, and overdiagnosis. The most serious harm of endoscopic screening is overdiagnosis and this can occur in any cancer screening programs. Overdiagnosis is defined as the detection of cancers that would never have been found if there is no cancer screening. Overdiagnosis has been estimated from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and modeling. It can be calculated on the basis of a comparison of the incidence of cancer between screened and unscreened individuals after the follow-up. Although the estimation method for overdiagnosis has not yet been standardized, estimation of overdiagnosis is needed in endoscopic screening for gastric cancer. To minimize overdiagnosis, the target age group and screening interval should be appropriately defined. Moreover, the balance of benefits and harms must be carefully considered to effectively introduce endoscopic screening in communities. Further research regarding overdiagnosis is warranted when evaluating the effectiveness of endoscopic screening.展开更多
文摘目的:评估阴道镜初学者阴道镜拟诊与病理诊断宫颈病变吻合情况,分析阴道镜拟诊不足和拟诊过度的原因。方法:回顾性分析2015年3~10月在北京大学第一医院由单一阴道镜初学者独立操作诊断的最初200例宫颈病变患者。对阴道镜拟诊与病理诊断吻合率、偏离率进行总结,并分析拟诊不足和拟诊过度的原因。结果:174例宫颈活检病理证实的患者中,拟诊吻合率59.2%,拟诊不足率18.4%,拟诊过度率22.4%。阴道镜诊断HSIL拟诊不足病例TCT正常率为78.6%,高于HSIL拟诊吻合病例18.1%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HSIL拟诊不足病例14例患者的阴道镜图像中,在病理证实为HSIL的部位均有致密浓厚醋白上皮存在。HSIL拟诊不足病例绝经后妇女21.4%,高于HSIL拟诊吻合病例0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HSIL拟诊吻合病例取活检数目高于拟诊不足病例(中位数3.5 vs 2),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。拟诊过度病例活检数目高于拟诊吻合病例(中位数3 vs 2),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:阴道镜拟诊宫颈病变时过度依赖TCT检查结果、对醋白上皮认识不足和对绝经后妇女容易发生拟诊不足,增加活检数目对于HSIL拟诊吻合率有帮助,但拟诊过度往往导致了活检数目的增加。
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No. 18JCQNJC80300)Chinese National Key Research and Development Project (No. 2018YFC1315600)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81502476)the Beijing Young Talent Program (No. 2016000021469G189).
文摘Objective: To redefine overdiagnosis and reestimate the proportion of overdiagnosis of breast cancer caused by screening based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER, 1973-2015) Program data.Methods: The breast cancer diagnosed before 1977 was defined as the no-screening cohort since America had initiated breast cancer screening from 1977. The breast cancer diagnosed in 1999 was defined as the screening cohort due to no increases in both the proportion of early-stage breast cancer until 1999 and the overall survival of early-stage breast cancer diagnosed over the three years since 1999. The magnitude of overdiagnosis was calculated as the difference in the proportions of early-stage breast cancer patients with long-time(15-year) survival to all breast cancer patients between two cohorts.Results: Over 23 years before and after widespread screening in America, the proportion of early-stage breast cancer patients increased from 52.1%(16,891/32,443) to 72.7%(16,021/22,025)(P<0.001). The 15-year survival rate of early-stage breast cancer patients increased from 51.1% to 61.5%(P<0.001), while the proportions of earlystage breast cancer patients with long-time survival to all breast cancer patients increased from 26.6%(52.1%×51.1%) to 44.7%(72.7%×61.5%). Assuming no improvements in cancer screening technology and treatment technology, 18.1%(44.7%-26.6%) of breast cancer patients were overdiagnosed associated with screening. The age-specific overdiagnosis rates were 18.9%, 24.7%, 24.5%, 20.5%, and 8.3% for breast cancer patients aged 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-74, and ≥75 years old, respectively.Conclusions: Overdiagnosis caused by mammographic screening is probably overestimated in current screening practices. Further trials with more sophisticated designs and analyses are needed to validate our findings in the future.
文摘Background Borderline gastrointestinal stromal tumors （GISTs） are intermediate tumors between benign and malignant variants; however, the clinical and pathological features of borderline GISTs remain poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize GISTs and to identify a set of borderline criteria for practical use. Methods Medical records and specimens of 840 patients from 12 hospitals were retrospectively examined. Totally 485 and 76 patients with any of the parameters predictive of either malignant or benign tumors were excluded. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate disease-free survival and overall survival rates. Results Among the remaining 279 borderline GIST patients, 223 were followed up for 1 to 31.48 years. Two patients developed local recurrence, and both were cured by subsequent operations alone. The 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 99% and 100%, respectively. Morphologically, borderline GISTs typically exhibited moderate cellularity, and subsets of them also showed moderate atypia, low mitotic activities, or large tumor size. According to the National Institutes of Health （NIH） consensus criteria, the risk levels of the 279 GISTs were classified to be very low to high. However, the disease-free survival rates were not significantly different among these risk groups （P=0.681）. Conclusions The proposed borderline GIST criteria in the current study may complement the existing NIH criteria, based primarily on tumor size and mitotic count, in the evaluation of the biological behaviors of GISTs. Since a subset of borderline GISTs with high risk level showed favorable outcome, the introduction of the borderline GIST system may avoid overdiagnosis and over therapy.
文摘Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 （Cyr61） is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the transduction of growth factor and hormone signaling that is frequently altered in expression in several types of cancers. In prostate cancer （PCa）, Cyr61 is highly expressed in organ-confined disease. Further, Cyr61 expression levels are associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence, and can be quantitatively measured in the serum. Considered together, these results indicate that Cyr61 is a potential and clinically useful tissue, as well as serum-based biomarker for differentiating lethal and non-lethal PCa.
文摘Imaging workup of patients referred for elective assessment of chest disease requires an articulated approach: Imaging is asked for achieving timely diagnosis. The concurrent or subsequent use of thoracic ultrasound(TUS) with conventional(chest X-rays-) and more advanced imaging procedures(computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) implies advantages, limitations and actual problems. Indeed, despite TUS may provide useful imaging of pleura, lung and heart disease, emergency scenarios are currently the most warranted field of application of TUS: Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, lung consolidation. This stems from its role in limited resources subsets; actually, ultrasound is an excellent risk reducing tool, which acts by:(1) increasing diagnostic certainty;(2) shortening time to definitive therapy; and(3) decreasing problems from blind procedures that carry an inherent level of complications. In addition, paediatric and newborn disease are particularly suitable for TUS investigation, aimed at the detection of congenital or acquired chest disease avoiding, limiting or postponing radiological exposure. TUS improves the effectiveness of elective medical practice, in resource-limited settings, in small point of care facilities and particularly in poorer countries. Quality and information provided by the procedure are increased avoiding whenever possible artefacts that can prevent or mislead the achievement of the correct diagnosis. Reliable monitoring of patients is possible, taking into consideration that appropriate expertise, knowledge, skills, training, and even adequate equipment's suitability are not always and everywhere affordable or accessible. TUS is complementary imagingprocedure for the radiologist and an excellent basic diagnostic tool suitable to be shared with pneumologists, cardiologists and emergency physicians.
基金Supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research,Japan by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science,Tokyo,Japan,No.26460620
文摘Gastric cancer screening using endoscopy has recently spread in Eastern Asian countries showing increasing evidence of its effectiveness. However, despite the benefits of endoscopic screening for gastric cancer, its major harms include infection, complications, falsenegative results, false-positive results, and overdiagnosis. The most serious harm of endoscopic screening is overdiagnosis and this can occur in any cancer screening programs. Overdiagnosis is defined as the detection of cancers that would never have been found if there is no cancer screening. Overdiagnosis has been estimated from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and modeling. It can be calculated on the basis of a comparison of the incidence of cancer between screened and unscreened individuals after the follow-up. Although the estimation method for overdiagnosis has not yet been standardized, estimation of overdiagnosis is needed in endoscopic screening for gastric cancer. To minimize overdiagnosis, the target age group and screening interval should be appropriately defined. Moreover, the balance of benefits and harms must be carefully considered to effectively introduce endoscopic screening in communities. Further research regarding overdiagnosis is warranted when evaluating the effectiveness of endoscopic screening.
