Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County ...Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County （23°36＇1＇4, 101°00＇E）, Yunnan Province. The plant produces flowers in dichasial inflorescences. Normally, the flowers are unisexual, and male and female flowers are produced in the same inflorescence. Only a few male flowers are produced in an inflorescence, and fruits are produced only through pollination between different flowers from the same or different plants. By the treatments of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination in this experiment, there were few but same fruit set ratios when the inflorescences were emasculated, bagged, or bagged with net, except artificial pollination treatments, which showed that Jatropha curcas could produce fruit through apomixis but not wind pollination. When the inflorescences were unbagged, unemasculated and with free pollination treatments, or bagged, emasculated and with artificial cross-pollination treatments, or unbagged, emasculated and with free pollination treatments, there were many fruits produced. It showed that Jatropha curcas shows outcrossing, is self-compatible, and demanding for pollinators. Normally, the male flowers open first and a few flowers bloom in one day in a raceme. These flowers last a long time in bloom. However, a large number of female flowers open from the third to the fifth day, with some female flowers opening first in a few raceme. This shows a tendency to promote xenogamy and minimize geitonogamy.展开更多
Many important crops(e.g.,tuber,root,and tree crops)are cross-pollinating.For these crops,no inbred lines are available for genetic study and breeding because they are self-incompatible,clonally propagated,or have a l...Many important crops(e.g.,tuber,root,and tree crops)are cross-pollinating.For these crops,no inbred lines are available for genetic study and breeding because they are self-incompatible,clonally propagated,or have a long generation time,making the identification of agronomically important genes difficult,particularly in crops with a complex autopolyploid genome.In this study,we developed a method,OutcrossSeq,for mapping agronomically important loci in outcrossing crops based on whole-genome low-coverage resequencing of a large genetic population,and designed three computation algorithms in OutcrossSeq for different types of outcrossing populations.We applied OutcrossSeq to a tuberous root crop(sweet potato,autopolyploid),a tree crop(walnut tree,highly heterozygous diploid),and hybrid crops(double-cross populations)to generate high-density genotype maps for the outcrossing populations,which enable precise identification of genomic loci underlying important agronomic traits.Candidate causative genes at these loci were detected based on functional clues.Taken together,our results indicate that OutcrossSeq is a robust and powerful method for identifying agronomically important genes in heterozygous species,including polyploids,in a cost-efficient way.The OutcrossSeq software and its instruction manual are available for downloading at www.xhhuanglab.cn/tool/OutcrossSeq.html.展开更多
Outcrossing rate is an important determinant of cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)breeding and hybrid seed production for heterosis in soybean.Parental lines with a high outcrossing rate were screened for backcross breedin...Outcrossing rate is an important determinant of cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)breeding and hybrid seed production for heterosis in soybean.Parental lines with a high outcrossing rate were screened for backcross breeding to obtain the high outcrossing rate maintenance B-lines and sterile A-lines.Application in production practices will help to increase hybrid soybean production.In this study,JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B were selected as parents for the construction of outcrossing rate segregation populations,and the progeny-array approach(PAA)and glyphosate resistant gene markers were used to determine outcrossing rates.We found that:(1)The outcrossing rate between JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B was significantly different;(2)the outcrossing rate of the F2 segregating populations was a quantitative trait,though whether an additive or epistatic effect exists required analysis with a triple test intersection analysis;(3)agronomic traits correlated with outcrossing rate;outcrossing rate was the highest with plant height of about 84 cm,lower number of plant branches,earlier flowering time,larger angle between the branches and the main stem,and with more divergent plant morphology.Correlation analysis between agronomic traits and outcrossing rate can effectively guide the screening of parents with a high outcrossing rate.展开更多
Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the deserts of central Asia and plays an important role in delaying further desertification. We examined allozyme variation and AFLP diversity in A. nan...Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the deserts of central Asia and plays an important role in delaying further desertification. We examined allozyme variation and AFLP diversity in A. nanus populations and investigated the mating system of this species using progeny arrays assayed for polymorphic allozyme loci. Mating system analysis in the Keyi＇eryongke＇er population showed low levels of outcrossing, and strong inbreeding depression. Low levels of genetic variation were detected at both population （allozyme, Pp=14.0%, A=l.14, He=0.031; AFLP, Pp=14.5%, Shannon＇s information index I=0.063） and species （allozyme, Pp=21.1%, A=1.21, He=0.040; AFLP, Pp=20.9%, I=0.083） levels; while moderate genetic differentiation existed among populations, as indicated by allozymes （Gsa-=0.081） and AFLP （GST=0.151-0.193）. Founder effect, bottlenecks in evolutionary history, the mixed mating system and co-ancestry may have influenced the level of genetic diversity in A. nanus. Markers of both types provide new insights for conservation management, indicating that the Biao＇ertuokuoyi and Keyi＇eryongke＇er populations should be given priority for in situ conservation and regarded as seed sources for ex situ conservation.展开更多
An investigation was carried out with three newly developed temperature sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） lines for their floral traits, seed production potential and outcrossing ability in ten cross combinations....An investigation was carried out with three newly developed temperature sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） lines for their floral traits, seed production potential and outcrossing ability in ten cross combinations. In the TGMS lines, fertile pollens had an average diameter of 0.89 mm while the sterile pollens was with 0.02 mm diameter.TS-29-150GY produced the biggest fertile pollens with 0.92 mm and other two lines produced relatively smaller pollens with 0.91 and 0.85 ram. Pollen fertility during the fertility reversion period was an average of 60.7%. TS-29-150GY had the maximum of 66.9% spikelet fertility whereas other two lines （TNAU18S and TNAU60S） had relatively lower spikelet fertility of 27.8% and 26.7%, respectively. Average of 17.00 g of seed yield was obtained in the TGMS lines during the fertility reversion period. TS-29- 150GY had the highest value of 21.20 g of seed yield while TNAU18S and TNAU60S produced 16.6 g and 13.2 g of seed yield, respectively. The low seed production ability of these three TGMS lines was attributed only to the environmental conditions prevailing during the period. All three TGMS lines had considerable outcrossing potential of 41.2%, 24.6% and 25.0%, respectively. The cross combinations viz. TNAU18S/IET21508 （36 g/plant）, TNAU18S/IET21044 （13 g/plant）, TNAU18S/IET21009 （26.5 g/plant）, TNAU60S/CB-09-106 （26.2 g/plant）, TNAU60S/IET21009 （14 g/plant） and TS29-150-GY/DRR 3306 （39.2 g/plant） showed perfect synchronization with acceptable hybrid seed yield, indicating suitability of TGMS system under Indian condition. Based on the outcrossing related traits viz. panicle exertion, angle of glume opening, stigma length and pollen size, TNAU18S was identified as the best, followed by TS-29-150GY.展开更多
Aims Most flowering plants engage in mutualisms with animals to move pollen between individuals,and it is expected that pollinators play an essential role in the evolution of selfing,yet few studies have deter-mined h...Aims Most flowering plants engage in mutualisms with animals to move pollen between individuals,and it is expected that pollinators play an essential role in the evolution of selfing,yet few studies have deter-mined how distinct pollinator types affect a plant’s mating system and reproductive success differentially.We investigated the effect of two different pollinators on the reproductive success of Incarvillea sinensis,an annual with showy,insect-pollinated,one-day flowers.Methods We marked flowers after a single visit from both pollinator species(Bombus patagiatus and Amegilla quadrifasciata)and calculated the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma and pollen left in the anthers,the fruit and seed set,the outcrossing rate and the cor-relations of paternity.Important Findings There was no significant difference in the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma,or in the seed and fruit set between the two pollinators in both years.The mean number of pollen grains removed by B.patagiatus was significantly higher than that removed by A.quadrifasciata.The outcrossing rate of flowers pollinated by B.patagiatus was significantly higher than that of flowers pollinated by A.quadrifasciata.The correlation of paternity of flowers pollinated by B.patagiatus was significantly lower than that of flowers polli-nated by A.quadrifasciata.For I.sinensis,B.patagiatus may exhibit larger pollen wastage,thus reducing the male reproductive success of the plant,but it causes higher female reproductive success because of its higher outcrossing rate and the lower correlation of paternity.Our findings highlighted that different animal pollinators could indeed cause differential mating systems and reproductive success.展开更多
A total 61 clone parents and 320 open-pollination progenies from 8 clone individuals were identified by 12 polymorphic SSR loci.The result showed that the level of genetic diversity in progeny population was the same ...A total 61 clone parents and 320 open-pollination progenies from 8 clone individuals were identified by 12 polymorphic SSR loci.The result showed that the level of genetic diversity in progeny population was the same as in maternal population, progeny population had all alleles detected in maternal population,and there were not obvious surplus phenomenon of homozygotes in progeny population (F= 0.046).The south crown had more strobili than the north crown,however the genetic diversity of the north crown strobili was not substantially reduced.The progeny of neutral trees had the same level of genetic diversity as in the progeny of partial female trees,with the fixation index tended to be zero,which was accorded with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.The multilocus outcrossing rate in the seed orchard was 1.097,and there was no significant inbreeding between parents(t_m-t_s= - 0.031).The multilocus outcrossing rate and singlelocus outcrossing rate in the south crown were higher than that in the north crown.The multilocus outcrossing rate of partial female trees was the same as in neutral trees,and the neutral tree had no obvious declining outcrossing rate with reduced proportion of female and male strobilus compared with partial female tree, with the fixation index tended to be zero.The progeny of the second generation clonal seed orchard still had rich genetic diversity,gene exchange among clones was relatively sufficient,and biparental inbreeding was not significant.展开更多
Family outcrossing rates of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea populations that differed in origin and management were estimated by using isozyme markers. The family outcrossing rates were estimated by (1)fixing the probabi...Family outcrossing rates of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea populations that differed in origin and management were estimated by using isozyme markers. The family outcrossing rates were estimated by (1)fixing the probability of pollen gene frequency (p); (2) allowing pollen gene frequency to vary among families. The estimates of family outcrossing rates for all the populations varied widely among families (clones of the seed orchard), ranging from 0.39 to 2.0. The average family outcrossing rates of both m...展开更多
Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the fact...Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.展开更多
文摘Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County （23°36＇1＇4, 101°00＇E）, Yunnan Province. The plant produces flowers in dichasial inflorescences. Normally, the flowers are unisexual, and male and female flowers are produced in the same inflorescence. Only a few male flowers are produced in an inflorescence, and fruits are produced only through pollination between different flowers from the same or different plants. By the treatments of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination in this experiment, there were few but same fruit set ratios when the inflorescences were emasculated, bagged, or bagged with net, except artificial pollination treatments, which showed that Jatropha curcas could produce fruit through apomixis but not wind pollination. When the inflorescences were unbagged, unemasculated and with free pollination treatments, or bagged, emasculated and with artificial cross-pollination treatments, or unbagged, emasculated and with free pollination treatments, there were many fruits produced. It showed that Jatropha curcas shows outcrossing, is self-compatible, and demanding for pollinators. Normally, the male flowers open first and a few flowers bloom in one day in a raceme. These flowers last a long time in bloom. However, a large number of female flowers open from the third to the fifth day, with some female flowers opening first in a few raceme. This shows a tendency to promote xenogamy and minimize geitonogamy.
基金We are grateful to Prof.Lars M.Steinmetz for the Tn5 plasmid.This work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2016YFD0100902 to X.H.,2018YFD1000701 and 2019YFD1000703 to J.Y.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31825015 to X.H.)+4 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader(18XD1402900 to X.H.)the Innovation Program of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2017-01-07-00-02-E00039 to X.H.)the Shanghai Municipal Afforestation&City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation Administration(G182402,G192413,G192414,and G202402 to J.Y.)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(to J.Y.)the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding support Program(CAFYBB2019ZY001 to D.P.).
文摘Many important crops(e.g.,tuber,root,and tree crops)are cross-pollinating.For these crops,no inbred lines are available for genetic study and breeding because they are self-incompatible,clonally propagated,or have a long generation time,making the identification of agronomically important genes difficult,particularly in crops with a complex autopolyploid genome.In this study,we developed a method,OutcrossSeq,for mapping agronomically important loci in outcrossing crops based on whole-genome low-coverage resequencing of a large genetic population,and designed three computation algorithms in OutcrossSeq for different types of outcrossing populations.We applied OutcrossSeq to a tuberous root crop(sweet potato,autopolyploid),a tree crop(walnut tree,highly heterozygous diploid),and hybrid crops(double-cross populations)to generate high-density genotype maps for the outcrossing populations,which enable precise identification of genomic loci underlying important agronomic traits.Candidate causative genes at these loci were detected based on functional clues.Taken together,our results indicate that OutcrossSeq is a robust and powerful method for identifying agronomically important genes in heterozygous species,including polyploids,in a cost-efficient way.The OutcrossSeq software and its instruction manual are available for downloading at www.xhhuanglab.cn/tool/OutcrossSeq.html.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (31301399)the Major Project for Science and Technology Development of Jilin Province, China (20170201001NY)the Agricultural Science Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province, China (CXGC2017TD002)
文摘Outcrossing rate is an important determinant of cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)breeding and hybrid seed production for heterosis in soybean.Parental lines with a high outcrossing rate were screened for backcross breeding to obtain the high outcrossing rate maintenance B-lines and sterile A-lines.Application in production practices will help to increase hybrid soybean production.In this study,JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B were selected as parents for the construction of outcrossing rate segregation populations,and the progeny-array approach(PAA)and glyphosate resistant gene markers were used to determine outcrossing rates.We found that:(1)The outcrossing rate between JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B was significantly different;(2)the outcrossing rate of the F2 segregating populations was a quantitative trait,though whether an additive or epistatic effect exists required analysis with a triple test intersection analysis;(3)agronomic traits correlated with outcrossing rate;outcrossing rate was the highest with plant height of about 84 cm,lower number of plant branches,earlier flowering time,larger angle between the branches and the main stem,and with more divergent plant morphology.Correlation analysis between agronomic traits and outcrossing rate can effectively guide the screening of parents with a high outcrossing rate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30370282)Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China (Q20082201)Talent Introduction Funds of Hubei Normal University (2007F13)
文摘Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the deserts of central Asia and plays an important role in delaying further desertification. We examined allozyme variation and AFLP diversity in A. nanus populations and investigated the mating system of this species using progeny arrays assayed for polymorphic allozyme loci. Mating system analysis in the Keyi＇eryongke＇er population showed low levels of outcrossing, and strong inbreeding depression. Low levels of genetic variation were detected at both population （allozyme, Pp=14.0%, A=l.14, He=0.031; AFLP, Pp=14.5%, Shannon＇s information index I=0.063） and species （allozyme, Pp=21.1%, A=1.21, He=0.040; AFLP, Pp=20.9%, I=0.083） levels; while moderate genetic differentiation existed among populations, as indicated by allozymes （Gsa-=0.081） and AFLP （GST=0.151-0.193）. Founder effect, bottlenecks in evolutionary history, the mixed mating system and co-ancestry may have influenced the level of genetic diversity in A. nanus. Markers of both types provide new insights for conservation management, indicating that the Biao＇ertuokuoyi and Keyi＇eryongke＇er populations should be given priority for in situ conservation and regarded as seed sources for ex situ conservation.
文摘An investigation was carried out with three newly developed temperature sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） lines for their floral traits, seed production potential and outcrossing ability in ten cross combinations. In the TGMS lines, fertile pollens had an average diameter of 0.89 mm while the sterile pollens was with 0.02 mm diameter.TS-29-150GY produced the biggest fertile pollens with 0.92 mm and other two lines produced relatively smaller pollens with 0.91 and 0.85 ram. Pollen fertility during the fertility reversion period was an average of 60.7%. TS-29-150GY had the maximum of 66.9% spikelet fertility whereas other two lines （TNAU18S and TNAU60S） had relatively lower spikelet fertility of 27.8% and 26.7%, respectively. Average of 17.00 g of seed yield was obtained in the TGMS lines during the fertility reversion period. TS-29- 150GY had the highest value of 21.20 g of seed yield while TNAU18S and TNAU60S produced 16.6 g and 13.2 g of seed yield, respectively. The low seed production ability of these three TGMS lines was attributed only to the environmental conditions prevailing during the period. All three TGMS lines had considerable outcrossing potential of 41.2%, 24.6% and 25.0%, respectively. The cross combinations viz. TNAU18S/IET21508 （36 g/plant）, TNAU18S/IET21044 （13 g/plant）, TNAU18S/IET21009 （26.5 g/plant）, TNAU60S/CB-09-106 （26.2 g/plant）, TNAU60S/IET21009 （14 g/plant） and TS29-150-GY/DRR 3306 （39.2 g/plant） showed perfect synchronization with acceptable hybrid seed yield, indicating suitability of TGMS system under Indian condition. Based on the outcrossing related traits viz. panicle exertion, angle of glume opening, stigma length and pollen size, TNAU18S was identified as the best, followed by TS-29-150GY.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371073 and 41671040).
文摘Aims Most flowering plants engage in mutualisms with animals to move pollen between individuals,and it is expected that pollinators play an essential role in the evolution of selfing,yet few studies have deter-mined how distinct pollinator types affect a plant’s mating system and reproductive success differentially.We investigated the effect of two different pollinators on the reproductive success of Incarvillea sinensis,an annual with showy,insect-pollinated,one-day flowers.Methods We marked flowers after a single visit from both pollinator species(Bombus patagiatus and Amegilla quadrifasciata)and calculated the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma and pollen left in the anthers,the fruit and seed set,the outcrossing rate and the cor-relations of paternity.Important Findings There was no significant difference in the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma,or in the seed and fruit set between the two pollinators in both years.The mean number of pollen grains removed by B.patagiatus was significantly higher than that removed by A.quadrifasciata.The outcrossing rate of flowers pollinated by B.patagiatus was significantly higher than that of flowers pollinated by A.quadrifasciata.The correlation of paternity of flowers pollinated by B.patagiatus was significantly lower than that of flowers polli-nated by A.quadrifasciata.For I.sinensis,B.patagiatus may exhibit larger pollen wastage,thus reducing the male reproductive success of the plant,but it causes higher female reproductive success because of its higher outcrossing rate and the lower correlation of paternity.Our findings highlighted that different animal pollinators could indeed cause differential mating systems and reproductive success.
文摘A total 61 clone parents and 320 open-pollination progenies from 8 clone individuals were identified by 12 polymorphic SSR loci.The result showed that the level of genetic diversity in progeny population was the same as in maternal population, progeny population had all alleles detected in maternal population,and there were not obvious surplus phenomenon of homozygotes in progeny population (F= 0.046).The south crown had more strobili than the north crown,however the genetic diversity of the north crown strobili was not substantially reduced.The progeny of neutral trees had the same level of genetic diversity as in the progeny of partial female trees,with the fixation index tended to be zero,which was accorded with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.The multilocus outcrossing rate in the seed orchard was 1.097,and there was no significant inbreeding between parents(t_m-t_s= - 0.031).The multilocus outcrossing rate and singlelocus outcrossing rate in the south crown were higher than that in the north crown.The multilocus outcrossing rate of partial female trees was the same as in neutral trees,and the neutral tree had no obvious declining outcrossing rate with reduced proportion of female and male strobilus compared with partial female tree, with the fixation index tended to be zero.The progeny of the second generation clonal seed orchard still had rich genetic diversity,gene exchange among clones was relatively sufficient,and biparental inbreeding was not significant.
文摘Family outcrossing rates of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea populations that differed in origin and management were estimated by using isozyme markers. The family outcrossing rates were estimated by (1)fixing the probability of pollen gene frequency (p); (2) allowing pollen gene frequency to vary among families. The estimates of family outcrossing rates for all the populations varied widely among families (clones of the seed orchard), ranging from 0.39 to 2.0. The average family outcrossing rates of both m...
文摘Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.
