Dr.Iqbal“The poet of east”was greatly moved with down fall of Ottoman Empire and and disappointed by Muslims as a whole.He through his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims specially to youth.He reminded them their glo...Dr.Iqbal“The poet of east”was greatly moved with down fall of Ottoman Empire and and disappointed by Muslims as a whole.He through his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims specially to youth.He reminded them their glorious period and now where they have fallen.He blamed them that it is all their fault of down fall because they forgot their religion,their traditions,ethics and character of leadership.In this article we will point out in Iqbal’s Poetry and try to motivate the youg generation.展开更多
The Danube River basin was home to some of the world’s earliest human cultures such as the Danubian Neolithic cultures including the Linear Pottery culture. The Vucedol culture was famous for ceramics during the thir...The Danube River basin was home to some of the world’s earliest human cultures such as the Danubian Neolithic cultures including the Linear Pottery culture. The Vucedol culture was famous for ceramics during the third millennium BC. Early settlement required fortresses and castles to be built on the Danube River to defend the settlements from invading forces. These included the Persia, Roman and Ottoman empires. Cities included Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and Ruse. The risks include stream capture, settlement, invasions, navigation, trade, pollution, industrial and urban wastewater, over fishing, food insecurity, locks and dams, shoreline erosion and flooding. The primary objective was to document the settlement history on the Danube River which became Eastern Europe’s pathway for settlement, invasions, navigation and trade in the Danube basin has put the river at risk for more than 2500 years. River capturing of the Danube by the Rhine River has reduced the length and flow of the Danube. The Danube River has had a huge economic, social and environmental impact on 10 European countries. However, with 10 countries sharing the river it has been difficult to manage and mitigate the risks and threats to the Danube River and its water quality.展开更多
The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this pap...The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.展开更多
This article aims at telling the story of restoration and exhibition of the Section of Arms and Armours （the Outer Treasury） in Topkapl Palace Museum. During this process, not only was the structure experiencing res...This article aims at telling the story of restoration and exhibition of the Section of Arms and Armours （the Outer Treasury） in Topkapl Palace Museum. During this process, not only was the structure experiencing restoration and consolidation, but also was the first archeological excavation being realized in a closed space in the Topkapl Palace complex, with the discovery of Byzantine reminiscences underground becoming a significant part of the new exhibiton. After being restored between 2008 and 2010, the Outer Treasury was transformed into a new exhibition project, aiming at the integration of contemporary strategies of exhibition design and technology. Its purpose was not simply to highlight the glory of the Ottoman history, but to engage visitors in a complete sensory experience by making full use of the esthetics of the work of art on display of the Ottoman legacy. Topkapi Palace＇s architecture, archeology and selected collection of arms and armours are being exhibited by means of contemporary media instruments, such as film, music, graphics and costume arts.展开更多
The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central...The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this ＂oriental＂ culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness： the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the mul展开更多
The architectural?complexes?of Hasan Basha Tahir?were suffering from many damages and deformation in different elements as load bearing walls, arches and wooden ceiling. Ground water, salt weathering, air pollution, b...The architectural?complexes?of Hasan Basha Tahir?were suffering from many damages and deformation in different elements as load bearing walls, arches and wooden ceiling. Ground water, salt weathering, air pollution, biological colonization and environmental aspects were the main degradation factors which caused a lot of damage and deterioration phenomena in the complexes. Horizontal and vertical cracks, salts, loss of decorations, and featured dark of the stone surface were noticed at the complexes elements. In addition, the celling of the complex was in a very bad condition;?it had lost a lot of decoration elements, cracking, soot deposition, insects’ holes, and fungi growth. This research will discuss the various deterioration phenomena that?have?effect on the main building materials and cause the damages and discuss the general scientific methodology of the architectural and structural conservation project which was?carried out.展开更多
This study accentuates the differences in the ways in which Ottoman women, Muslim and non-Muslim, used the Islamic courts. In some regions Ottoman women went to the courts on their own while in others they relied on m...This study accentuates the differences in the ways in which Ottoman women, Muslim and non-Muslim, used the Islamic courts. In some regions Ottoman women went to the courts on their own while in others they relied on male representatives to enter into transactions or litigate on their behalf. Studies treating Islamic court records as uniform in shape and content have offered conflicting conclusions about the status of women in Ottoman society. This study demonstrates that a number of geographic and temporal variations affected women＇s access the courts, significantly affecting their legal status in the period of 1550-1650.展开更多
Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom ...Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom or religion.The most important of these reforms was in 1827,when the first medical schools in surgical and clinical branches were opened in Istanbul.The lack of contemporary understanding in medical education until that time had caused an underdevelopment in forensic sciences as it had in various other fields.Following the reform movements,the contents of the forensic medicine curriculum,mainly influenced by the French medical schooling,touched upon all areas of forensic sciences such as pathology,toxicology,organic chemistry,neuropsychiatry,gynecology,handwriting analysis and criminalistics.It was noteworthy to see such rapid development in scientific modernization considering the fact that,before the reform movements,the religion had a repressive effect and it was forbidden to even perform laboratory tests or examinations on corpses.In the modem Turkish Republic,founded in 1923 after World War I,scientific reforms gained momentum and began competing with the modem world.Such that,after a letter sent to the Turkish Government by Albert Einstein in 1933,the contemporary Turkish universities embraced the scientists who escaped from the Nazi regime.展开更多
The 19th century was a milestone for urban planning history of the Eastern Mediterranean region since the typology of the Ottoman city was reformed,more or less abruptly,by strong Western European influences as a cons...The 19th century was a milestone for urban planning history of the Eastern Mediterranean region since the typology of the Ottoman city was reformed,more or less abruptly,by strong Western European influences as a consequence of broader political,economic,and social transformations.From the very beginning of the 19th century,the Ottoman state confronted significant administrative issues that raised in the importance to institutionalise reforms over a long period of time,representing the foundation of later urban“modernisation reforms”.These challenges of the Ottoman cities at that period coincided with one crucial reform framework known as“Tanzimat”,which reflected the social willingness to inherit elements of European culture,technological innovations,and lifestyle.According to that direction,urban space was considered as a workshop of planning regulations and reforms adopting principles of contemporary,at that time,European urban planning,mostly applied in England and France.These social and urban reforms established by the Ottoman state marked the first attempt to relate Ottoman cities with European planning,urban infrastructures,building regulations,and public administration.During the period of Tanzimat(1839-1876),the economic role and impact of cities was strengthened reflecting a rising urbanisation of population.This article highlights this“Europeanisation”of Ottoman cities at the period of Tanzimat by investigating five case-study cities:Smyrna,Beirut,Alexandria,Thessaloniki,and Constantinople.All these cities were important ports-hubs of the Eastern Mediterranean whose urban development since the 1840s was a direct consequence of the modernisation reforms and,in general,an increase of European influence.These urban reforms,like in many European cities,included new transport infrastructures and communication networks,public services(water,gas,tramways,etc.),health and education,and new industrial patterns.展开更多
The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turki...The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turkish-Islamic science and culture structure and the ancient age and Old Greek science, it was integrated with the medicine philosophy here. In the 13th and 15th centuries, in Ottomans, the development of the dentistry was on the issues of the dental diseases and periodontology. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was observed in the medicine books of the Turkish physician writers that they were also dealing with the child dentistry as issues. That the dental medicine took place in the works of art written between the 15th and 19th century shows the existence of the surgeons realizing the tooth extraction. With the opening of the first dentist school in the year of 1909, the training of dentistry started. In this study, the issue of the development and training of the dentistry in the Ottomans among the 13th-19th centuries were dealt with the outlines. Also, the first examples and fundamental works of art of the dentistry literature from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period will be told shortly.展开更多
The paper is based on the autobiographic-essayistic book Istanbul： Memories of a City written by Orhan Pamuk. lstanbul as a typical old capital shapes the lives of its citizens by its spirit, culture, and imperial pa...The paper is based on the autobiographic-essayistic book Istanbul： Memories of a City written by Orhan Pamuk. lstanbul as a typical old capital shapes the lives of its citizens by its spirit, culture, and imperial past. On the other hand, it is a city that lives with specific sentiments--the sense of defeat and loss, melancholy and pain because of the lost power and glory. The author analyzes Pamuk＇s vision of his native city created on the basis of the real scenes and imaginary, the truly lived experiences and fiction. The paper is also concentrated on the deeds of the Turkish and European writers that had made a great contribution in Pamuk＇s synthesis of the East and the West, the past and the present and authentic permeation of cultures he has achieved writing about Istanbul.展开更多
A simple reading of the Ottoman history during the 19th century displays a diverse ray of intellectual thought and discussion. The so-called clash between Islam and European political structures was a serious debate w...A simple reading of the Ottoman history during the 19th century displays a diverse ray of intellectual thought and discussion. The so-called clash between Islam and European political structures was a serious debate within the Empire: one that was usually polarized along the lines of progressives and conservatives. Namik Kemal through his writings aimed to overcome the dichotomous view between Islam and European political and social concepts through a reversion to what he called “true” Islamic understanding and principles. Namrk Kemal throughout his writings touches upon and interprets many different European concepts and their relationship with Islam. This paper examines Namrk Kemal’s observation of three European ideals:“sovereignty of the people”,“nation”, and “parliamentarianism”. The study argues that Namrk Kemal understands and interprets these concepts in a manner that creates a harmonious relationship with Islam. The paper utilizes different writings of Namik Kemal to comprehend how he understands the above-mentioned concepts. The study is mainly based on Namrk Kemal’s primary works and specifically on Kemal’s writings on sovereignty, nation, and parliamentarianism in the Ibret Gazette.展开更多
Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic...Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic thoughts has occurred since then,and it has produced the divisions of pan-Islamism,Modernism,and Turkism in the ideological field of the Ottoman Empire.Such phenomenon is the manifestation of political and ideological chaos of the late Ottoman Empire,which has intertwined with the contradiction of tradition and modernity,between the Orient and the West,presenting the developing trends of diversification,complexity,and variability.Intensified ideological struggle occurred in the late Ottoman Empire previous to its collapse.Social and political reforms began to transform the country from a traditional empire to modern nation-state.Due to the relationship between trends of political thoughts and Islam,nationalism could not get rid of the impact of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire.Islam has not only perpetuated pan-Ottomanism and pan-Turkism in the form of pan-Islamism,it has also exerted a wide range of effects as a relative individual trend of political and social thoughts.展开更多
War is arguably the most extreme scenario for the exertion of violence. All warring parties suffer in one way or another but those who suffer most are usually those who least deserve it--the common folk. The paper wil...War is arguably the most extreme scenario for the exertion of violence. All warring parties suffer in one way or another but those who suffer most are usually those who least deserve it--the common folk. The paper will take as a case study one of the epic Mediterranean battles in the ongoing Christian versus Muslim conflict of the Early Modem Age. Happening in 1565, though micro in scale, the four-month engagement known as the Great Siege of Malta which was fought between the Ottoman Turkish troops and their Barbary Coast partners on the one side and the Hospitallers of the Order of St. John and their European and Maltese allies on the other side, was macro in its significance. This fierce clash left its destructive mark not only on the warring adversaries but the more so on the Maltese inhabitants who found themselves immersed in a war which was not strictly theirs but of which they were forced to endure the hardships, participate in the ongoing combat, and face the daily extreme psychological pressure and physical cruelty which are generally meted out to the defenceless and the most vulnerable in the war zone. No brutality was spared and extreme violence was the order of the day.展开更多
The idea that WWI was a global conflict is generally accepted by the scholarly community. The Great War, as it is otherwise called, deserves to be remembered not only by the European nations but also by the rest of th...The idea that WWI was a global conflict is generally accepted by the scholarly community. The Great War, as it is otherwise called, deserves to be remembered not only by the European nations but also by the rest of the world countries whose destinies were shaped by it or because of it. It would not be wrong to suggest that the WWI, as far as the Ottomans were concerned, was a history of European armies in non-European military stages. The historiography of World War I is often limited to English sources seemingly due to the negligence of Ottoman sources, but most probably caused by the language barrier[s] and/or the Eurocentric approach to history. Or in Erikson＇s words, the ＂resultant historiography tends to tell the story from an overwhelmingly European perspective, which in many ways reflected what the European Powers perceived rather than what actually occurred＂ （Erickson, 2008, p. 10）. It is my opinion that the wider use of Ottoman archives and Turkish narratives would provide a more balanced analysis and that a holistic understanding of the events that unfolded requires special attention to the Ottoman perspective. This paper suggests an analysis of the Dardanelles conflict from a strategic perspective, with special reference to British and Ottoman policies and their part played in the transition from peace to war; the ensuing political turmoil that led to an open conflict between Britain and the Ottoman Empire.展开更多
The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of eac...The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.展开更多
The article deals with the scientists in the Ottoman Empire. The readers will get interesting information about the life and practices of those who dedicated their whole life to the development of science, such as Ott...The article deals with the scientists in the Ottoman Empire. The readers will get interesting information about the life and practices of those who dedicated their whole life to the development of science, such as Ottoman mathematicians and astronomer Rumi Kadizade from Bursa, Ali Kushchu, Mirim Chalabi, Takiyuddin Bin Maruf-i, Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi, Hoca Ishak Efendi, and Huseyin Tevfik Pasha.展开更多
文摘Dr.Iqbal“The poet of east”was greatly moved with down fall of Ottoman Empire and and disappointed by Muslims as a whole.He through his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims specially to youth.He reminded them their glorious period and now where they have fallen.He blamed them that it is all their fault of down fall because they forgot their religion,their traditions,ethics and character of leadership.In this article we will point out in Iqbal’s Poetry and try to motivate the youg generation.
文摘The Danube River basin was home to some of the world’s earliest human cultures such as the Danubian Neolithic cultures including the Linear Pottery culture. The Vucedol culture was famous for ceramics during the third millennium BC. Early settlement required fortresses and castles to be built on the Danube River to defend the settlements from invading forces. These included the Persia, Roman and Ottoman empires. Cities included Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and Ruse. The risks include stream capture, settlement, invasions, navigation, trade, pollution, industrial and urban wastewater, over fishing, food insecurity, locks and dams, shoreline erosion and flooding. The primary objective was to document the settlement history on the Danube River which became Eastern Europe’s pathway for settlement, invasions, navigation and trade in the Danube basin has put the river at risk for more than 2500 years. River capturing of the Danube by the Rhine River has reduced the length and flow of the Danube. The Danube River has had a huge economic, social and environmental impact on 10 European countries. However, with 10 countries sharing the river it has been difficult to manage and mitigate the risks and threats to the Danube River and its water quality.
文摘The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.
文摘This article aims at telling the story of restoration and exhibition of the Section of Arms and Armours （the Outer Treasury） in Topkapl Palace Museum. During this process, not only was the structure experiencing restoration and consolidation, but also was the first archeological excavation being realized in a closed space in the Topkapl Palace complex, with the discovery of Byzantine reminiscences underground becoming a significant part of the new exhibiton. After being restored between 2008 and 2010, the Outer Treasury was transformed into a new exhibition project, aiming at the integration of contemporary strategies of exhibition design and technology. Its purpose was not simply to highlight the glory of the Ottoman history, but to engage visitors in a complete sensory experience by making full use of the esthetics of the work of art on display of the Ottoman legacy. Topkapi Palace＇s architecture, archeology and selected collection of arms and armours are being exhibited by means of contemporary media instruments, such as film, music, graphics and costume arts.
文摘The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this ＂oriental＂ culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness： the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the mul
文摘The architectural?complexes?of Hasan Basha Tahir?were suffering from many damages and deformation in different elements as load bearing walls, arches and wooden ceiling. Ground water, salt weathering, air pollution, biological colonization and environmental aspects were the main degradation factors which caused a lot of damage and deterioration phenomena in the complexes. Horizontal and vertical cracks, salts, loss of decorations, and featured dark of the stone surface were noticed at the complexes elements. In addition, the celling of the complex was in a very bad condition;?it had lost a lot of decoration elements, cracking, soot deposition, insects’ holes, and fungi growth. This research will discuss the various deterioration phenomena that?have?effect on the main building materials and cause the damages and discuss the general scientific methodology of the architectural and structural conservation project which was?carried out.
文摘This study accentuates the differences in the ways in which Ottoman women, Muslim and non-Muslim, used the Islamic courts. In some regions Ottoman women went to the courts on their own while in others they relied on male representatives to enter into transactions or litigate on their behalf. Studies treating Islamic court records as uniform in shape and content have offered conflicting conclusions about the status of women in Ottoman society. This study demonstrates that a number of geographic and temporal variations affected women＇s access the courts, significantly affecting their legal status in the period of 1550-1650.
文摘Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom or religion.The most important of these reforms was in 1827,when the first medical schools in surgical and clinical branches were opened in Istanbul.The lack of contemporary understanding in medical education until that time had caused an underdevelopment in forensic sciences as it had in various other fields.Following the reform movements,the contents of the forensic medicine curriculum,mainly influenced by the French medical schooling,touched upon all areas of forensic sciences such as pathology,toxicology,organic chemistry,neuropsychiatry,gynecology,handwriting analysis and criminalistics.It was noteworthy to see such rapid development in scientific modernization considering the fact that,before the reform movements,the religion had a repressive effect and it was forbidden to even perform laboratory tests or examinations on corpses.In the modem Turkish Republic,founded in 1923 after World War I,scientific reforms gained momentum and began competing with the modem world.Such that,after a letter sent to the Turkish Government by Albert Einstein in 1933,the contemporary Turkish universities embraced the scientists who escaped from the Nazi regime.
文摘The 19th century was a milestone for urban planning history of the Eastern Mediterranean region since the typology of the Ottoman city was reformed,more or less abruptly,by strong Western European influences as a consequence of broader political,economic,and social transformations.From the very beginning of the 19th century,the Ottoman state confronted significant administrative issues that raised in the importance to institutionalise reforms over a long period of time,representing the foundation of later urban“modernisation reforms”.These challenges of the Ottoman cities at that period coincided with one crucial reform framework known as“Tanzimat”,which reflected the social willingness to inherit elements of European culture,technological innovations,and lifestyle.According to that direction,urban space was considered as a workshop of planning regulations and reforms adopting principles of contemporary,at that time,European urban planning,mostly applied in England and France.These social and urban reforms established by the Ottoman state marked the first attempt to relate Ottoman cities with European planning,urban infrastructures,building regulations,and public administration.During the period of Tanzimat(1839-1876),the economic role and impact of cities was strengthened reflecting a rising urbanisation of population.This article highlights this“Europeanisation”of Ottoman cities at the period of Tanzimat by investigating five case-study cities:Smyrna,Beirut,Alexandria,Thessaloniki,and Constantinople.All these cities were important ports-hubs of the Eastern Mediterranean whose urban development since the 1840s was a direct consequence of the modernisation reforms and,in general,an increase of European influence.These urban reforms,like in many European cities,included new transport infrastructures and communication networks,public services(water,gas,tramways,etc.),health and education,and new industrial patterns.
文摘The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turkish-Islamic science and culture structure and the ancient age and Old Greek science, it was integrated with the medicine philosophy here. In the 13th and 15th centuries, in Ottomans, the development of the dentistry was on the issues of the dental diseases and periodontology. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was observed in the medicine books of the Turkish physician writers that they were also dealing with the child dentistry as issues. That the dental medicine took place in the works of art written between the 15th and 19th century shows the existence of the surgeons realizing the tooth extraction. With the opening of the first dentist school in the year of 1909, the training of dentistry started. In this study, the issue of the development and training of the dentistry in the Ottomans among the 13th-19th centuries were dealt with the outlines. Also, the first examples and fundamental works of art of the dentistry literature from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period will be told shortly.
文摘The paper is based on the autobiographic-essayistic book Istanbul： Memories of a City written by Orhan Pamuk. lstanbul as a typical old capital shapes the lives of its citizens by its spirit, culture, and imperial past. On the other hand, it is a city that lives with specific sentiments--the sense of defeat and loss, melancholy and pain because of the lost power and glory. The author analyzes Pamuk＇s vision of his native city created on the basis of the real scenes and imaginary, the truly lived experiences and fiction. The paper is also concentrated on the deeds of the Turkish and European writers that had made a great contribution in Pamuk＇s synthesis of the East and the West, the past and the present and authentic permeation of cultures he has achieved writing about Istanbul.
文摘A simple reading of the Ottoman history during the 19th century displays a diverse ray of intellectual thought and discussion. The so-called clash between Islam and European political structures was a serious debate within the Empire: one that was usually polarized along the lines of progressives and conservatives. Namik Kemal through his writings aimed to overcome the dichotomous view between Islam and European political and social concepts through a reversion to what he called “true” Islamic understanding and principles. Namrk Kemal throughout his writings touches upon and interprets many different European concepts and their relationship with Islam. This paper examines Namrk Kemal’s observation of three European ideals:“sovereignty of the people”,“nation”, and “parliamentarianism”. The study argues that Namrk Kemal understands and interprets these concepts in a manner that creates a harmonious relationship with Islam. The paper utilizes different writings of Namik Kemal to comprehend how he understands the above-mentioned concepts. The study is mainly based on Namrk Kemal’s primary works and specifically on Kemal’s writings on sovereignty, nation, and parliamentarianism in the Ibret Gazette.
基金This paper is the stage research outcome of the project“New Development of Islamic Extremism in the Middle East and China’s Strategic Response”(16JJDGJW010)a project of 2016 Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Education.
文摘Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic thoughts has occurred since then,and it has produced the divisions of pan-Islamism,Modernism,and Turkism in the ideological field of the Ottoman Empire.Such phenomenon is the manifestation of political and ideological chaos of the late Ottoman Empire,which has intertwined with the contradiction of tradition and modernity,between the Orient and the West,presenting the developing trends of diversification,complexity,and variability.Intensified ideological struggle occurred in the late Ottoman Empire previous to its collapse.Social and political reforms began to transform the country from a traditional empire to modern nation-state.Due to the relationship between trends of political thoughts and Islam,nationalism could not get rid of the impact of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire.Islam has not only perpetuated pan-Ottomanism and pan-Turkism in the form of pan-Islamism,it has also exerted a wide range of effects as a relative individual trend of political and social thoughts.
文摘War is arguably the most extreme scenario for the exertion of violence. All warring parties suffer in one way or another but those who suffer most are usually those who least deserve it--the common folk. The paper will take as a case study one of the epic Mediterranean battles in the ongoing Christian versus Muslim conflict of the Early Modem Age. Happening in 1565, though micro in scale, the four-month engagement known as the Great Siege of Malta which was fought between the Ottoman Turkish troops and their Barbary Coast partners on the one side and the Hospitallers of the Order of St. John and their European and Maltese allies on the other side, was macro in its significance. This fierce clash left its destructive mark not only on the warring adversaries but the more so on the Maltese inhabitants who found themselves immersed in a war which was not strictly theirs but of which they were forced to endure the hardships, participate in the ongoing combat, and face the daily extreme psychological pressure and physical cruelty which are generally meted out to the defenceless and the most vulnerable in the war zone. No brutality was spared and extreme violence was the order of the day.
文摘The idea that WWI was a global conflict is generally accepted by the scholarly community. The Great War, as it is otherwise called, deserves to be remembered not only by the European nations but also by the rest of the world countries whose destinies were shaped by it or because of it. It would not be wrong to suggest that the WWI, as far as the Ottomans were concerned, was a history of European armies in non-European military stages. The historiography of World War I is often limited to English sources seemingly due to the negligence of Ottoman sources, but most probably caused by the language barrier[s] and/or the Eurocentric approach to history. Or in Erikson＇s words, the ＂resultant historiography tends to tell the story from an overwhelmingly European perspective, which in many ways reflected what the European Powers perceived rather than what actually occurred＂ （Erickson, 2008, p. 10）. It is my opinion that the wider use of Ottoman archives and Turkish narratives would provide a more balanced analysis and that a holistic understanding of the events that unfolded requires special attention to the Ottoman perspective. This paper suggests an analysis of the Dardanelles conflict from a strategic perspective, with special reference to British and Ottoman policies and their part played in the transition from peace to war; the ensuing political turmoil that led to an open conflict between Britain and the Ottoman Empire.
文摘The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.
文摘The article deals with the scientists in the Ottoman Empire. The readers will get interesting information about the life and practices of those who dedicated their whole life to the development of science, such as Ottoman mathematicians and astronomer Rumi Kadizade from Bursa, Ali Kushchu, Mirim Chalabi, Takiyuddin Bin Maruf-i, Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi, Hoca Ishak Efendi, and Huseyin Tevfik Pasha.
