回波强度标定技术直接关系到定量测量的准确度,是新一代天气雷达组网定量测量的基础,是提高天气雷达探测精度的重要手段。简要介绍了新一代天气雷达系统的回波强度自动标校技术,并以CINRAD/CC雷达为例,对新一代多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/CC...回波强度标定技术直接关系到定量测量的准确度,是新一代天气雷达组网定量测量的基础,是提高天气雷达探测精度的重要手段。简要介绍了新一代天气雷达系统的回波强度自动标校技术,并以CINRAD/CC雷达为例,对新一代多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/CC)自动标校的技术原理作了详细分析,对其在自动标校中采用的DDS(Direct Digital Synthesis)技术以及标校技术的实施方法作了具体的介绍,对其回波强度自动标校的准确度进行了测量,给出了系统自动标校的实际检验结果。结果表明该系统发射参数、接收参数在出现较大变化时,能保证回波强度的测量准确度在1 dB以内。还对影响自动标校准确度的因素作了分析。展开更多
The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The...The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The measurements from the 325-m tower represent the SEB characteristics of the cities located in semi-humid warm-temperate continental monsoon climate zone.In a typical hot and rainy summer,cold and dry winter,the measured Bowen ratio is minimum in summer and maximum in winter.The Bowen ratio measured at 140 m for spring,summer,autumn,and winter are 2.86,0.82,1.17,and 4.16 respectively.（2） At the height of 140-m（in the constant flux layer）,the noontime albedo is ~0.10 for summer,~0.12 for spring and autumn,and ~0.14 for winter.The ratios of daytime sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and storage heat flux to net radiation are 0.25,0.16,and 0.59 for clear-sky days,and 0.33,0.19,and 0.48 for cloudy days respectively.（3） Under clear-sky days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is almost zero,but the latent heat flux is greater than zero.For cloudy days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is slightly greater than the latent heat flux in winter.The nighttime upward heat flux is presumably due to the anthropogenic release（mainly latent heat for summer,while latent and sensible heat for winter）.展开更多
Over the last two decades,many modeling and optimization techniques have been developed for earth observation satellite(EOS)scheduling problems,but few of them show good generality to be engineered in realworld applic...Over the last two decades,many modeling and optimization techniques have been developed for earth observation satellite(EOS)scheduling problems,but few of them show good generality to be engineered in realworld applications.This study proposes a general modeling and optimization technique for common and real-world EOS scheduling cases;it includes a decoupled framework,a general modeling method,and an easy-to-use algorithm library.In this technique,a framework that decouples the modeling,constraints,and optimization of EOS scheduling problems is built.With this framework,the EOS scheduling problems are appropriately modeled in a general manner,where the executable opportunity,another format of the well-known visible time window per EOS operation,is viewed as a selectable resource to be optimized.On this basis,10 types of optimization algorithms,such as Tabu search and genetic algorithm,and a parallel competitive memetic algorithm,are developed.For simplified EOS scheduling problems,the proposed technique shows better performance in applicability and effectiveness than the state-of-the-art algorithms.In addition,a complicatedly constrained real-world benchmark exampled by a four-EOS Chinese commercial constellation is provided,and the technique is qualified and outperforms the in-use scheduling system by more than 50%.展开更多
Enamine-derived radicals are crucial intermediates in singly occupied molecular orbital(SOMO)catalysis.However,observing them directly is elusive and remains a long-standing challenge.Here,an advanced time-resolved el...Enamine-derived radicals are crucial intermediates in singly occupied molecular orbital(SOMO)catalysis.However,observing them directly is elusive and remains a long-standing challenge.Here,an advanced time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance technique was employed to characterize and monitor the key intermediates in photoredox transformations by primary aminocatalysis on a microsecond timescale.The transient enamine radical cation,generated by single electron transfer(SET),and the deprotonated form ofα-imino radical intermediates were directly observed for the first time,both spectroscopically and kinetically.In reactions with styrene,enamine radical cation was found to be faster thanα-imino radical by one order of magnitude.This revealed the subtle role of deprotonation associated with secondary enamine radical cation in the photoredox transformations by primary aminocatalysis.展开更多
文摘回波强度标定技术直接关系到定量测量的准确度,是新一代天气雷达组网定量测量的基础,是提高天气雷达探测精度的重要手段。简要介绍了新一代天气雷达系统的回波强度自动标校技术,并以CINRAD/CC雷达为例,对新一代多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/CC)自动标校的技术原理作了详细分析,对其在自动标校中采用的DDS(Direct Digital Synthesis)技术以及标校技术的实施方法作了具体的介绍,对其回波强度自动标校的准确度进行了测量,给出了系统自动标校的实际检验结果。结果表明该系统发射参数、接收参数在出现较大变化时,能保证回波强度的测量准确度在1 dB以内。还对影响自动标校准确度的因素作了分析。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41175015)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. GYHY200906026,GYHY201106050,2008BAC37B04,and 2006BAJ02A01)
文摘The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The measurements from the 325-m tower represent the SEB characteristics of the cities located in semi-humid warm-temperate continental monsoon climate zone.In a typical hot and rainy summer,cold and dry winter,the measured Bowen ratio is minimum in summer and maximum in winter.The Bowen ratio measured at 140 m for spring,summer,autumn,and winter are 2.86,0.82,1.17,and 4.16 respectively.（2） At the height of 140-m（in the constant flux layer）,the noontime albedo is ~0.10 for summer,~0.12 for spring and autumn,and ~0.14 for winter.The ratios of daytime sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and storage heat flux to net radiation are 0.25,0.16,and 0.59 for clear-sky days,and 0.33,0.19,and 0.48 for cloudy days respectively.（3） Under clear-sky days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is almost zero,but the latent heat flux is greater than zero.For cloudy days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is slightly greater than the latent heat flux in winter.The nighttime upward heat flux is presumably due to the anthropogenic release（mainly latent heat for summer,while latent and sensible heat for winter）.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72201272)the Technical Field Foundation in 173 Program of National Defense Technology(Grant No.2021-JCJQ-JJ-0049)the Science Foundation of National University of Defense Technology(Grant No.ZK22-48).
文摘Over the last two decades,many modeling and optimization techniques have been developed for earth observation satellite(EOS)scheduling problems,but few of them show good generality to be engineered in realworld applications.This study proposes a general modeling and optimization technique for common and real-world EOS scheduling cases;it includes a decoupled framework,a general modeling method,and an easy-to-use algorithm library.In this technique,a framework that decouples the modeling,constraints,and optimization of EOS scheduling problems is built.With this framework,the EOS scheduling problems are appropriately modeled in a general manner,where the executable opportunity,another format of the well-known visible time window per EOS operation,is viewed as a selectable resource to be optimized.On this basis,10 types of optimization algorithms,such as Tabu search and genetic algorithm,and a parallel competitive memetic algorithm,are developed.For simplified EOS scheduling problems,the proposed technique shows better performance in applicability and effectiveness than the state-of-the-art algorithms.In addition,a complicatedly constrained real-world benchmark exampled by a four-EOS Chinese commercial constellation is provided,and the technique is qualified and outperforms the in-use scheduling system by more than 50%.
基金provided by the Tsinghua University Dushi Program,China,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22031006,22193011,22373056,and 22393891)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations,China,and the National Science&Technology Fundamental Resource Investigation Program of China(grant no.2023YFA1500008).
文摘Enamine-derived radicals are crucial intermediates in singly occupied molecular orbital(SOMO)catalysis.However,observing them directly is elusive and remains a long-standing challenge.Here,an advanced time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance technique was employed to characterize and monitor the key intermediates in photoredox transformations by primary aminocatalysis on a microsecond timescale.The transient enamine radical cation,generated by single electron transfer(SET),and the deprotonated form ofα-imino radical intermediates were directly observed for the first time,both spectroscopically and kinetically.In reactions with styrene,enamine radical cation was found to be faster thanα-imino radical by one order of magnitude.This revealed the subtle role of deprotonation associated with secondary enamine radical cation in the photoredox transformations by primary aminocatalysis.
