The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system is a promising solution to provide stable electricity supply. Although the available temperature difference in OTEC systems is small, an ammonia/water mixture as worki...The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system is a promising solution to provide stable electricity supply. Although the available temperature difference in OTEC systems is small, an ammonia/water mixture as working fluid is expected to decrease irreversible losses in the heat exchangers and to improve system performance. However, in actual heat exchangers, an adequate temperature crossing does not occur in the condenser but in the evaporator. Therefore, clarification of this characteristic is important. To date, the logarithmic temperature difference (LMTD) method is used in performance evaluations of OTEC heat exchangers. This method is of limited use if physical properties of fluids vary. A generalized mean temperature difference (GMTD) method is introduced to perform this evaluation. As changes in fluid property values can be considered in the GMTD method, method dependencies on heat exchanger characteristics, effectiveness, and system characteristics can be studied. In particular, GMTD and LMTD using a pure substance were found to be almost equal. Mean temperature differences using mixtures as working fluid were higher in the evaporator, but lower in the condenser, from the GMTD method than from the LMTD method. For higher ammonia concentrations in ammonia/water mixtures, the mean temperature differences from both methods are different.展开更多
本文提出了一种OTEC(OTEC,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)增温再热朗肯动力循环,通过第二类吸收式热泵提升热源品质,在热力循环中创造一个相对高温区,与表层温海水共同对朗肯循环的湿工质进行过热,保证了透平出口干度,提升了循环的...本文提出了一种OTEC(OTEC,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)增温再热朗肯动力循环,通过第二类吸收式热泵提升热源品质,在热力循环中创造一个相对高温区,与表层温海水共同对朗肯循环的湿工质进行过热,保证了透平出口干度,提升了循环的平均吸热温度,实现了单一热源下的梯级加热和能级匹配,系统效率得到较大的提升。论文构建了OTEC增温再热朗肯动力循环热力学模型,对比了增温再热朗肯动力循环与传统循环的热力性能,并分析了热泵子循环的最佳增温温度。结果表明:增温再热的效果与OTEC循环工质有较大关联,且存在最佳增温温度;对于采用R134A等近似等熵工质的OTEC循环,增温再热的热力性能提升不明显;而对于CO_(2)等工作在亚临界区间的工质而言,增温再热可使热效率提升19.63%41.71%;对于NH3等过热需求较大工质而言,增温再热具有显著的提升效果;其中NH3工质的提升幅度最高,最佳增温温度为42.5°C,OTEC循环热效率可由2.34%提升至4.25%,升幅达84.45%。展开更多
Power generation using small temperature difference such as ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)and discharged thermal energy conversion(DTEC)is expected to be the countermeasures against global warming problem.As am...Power generation using small temperature difference such as ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)and discharged thermal energy conversion(DTEC)is expected to be the countermeasures against global warming problem.As ammonia and ammonia/water are used in evaporators for OTEC and DTEC as working fluids,the research of their local boiling heat transfer is important for improvement of the power generation efficiency.Measurements of local boiling heat transfer coefficients were performed for ammonia/water mixture(z=0.9-1)on a vertical flat plate heat exchanger in a range of mass flux(7.5-15 kg/m2s),heat flux(15-23 kW/m 2),and pressure(0.7-0.9 MPa).The result shows that in the case of ammonia/water mixture,the local heat transfer coefficients increase with an increase of mass flux and composition of ammonia,and decrease with an increase of heat flux.展开更多
In the new century, energy and environmental problems are becoming more critical, and the development of natural energy is desired. Low-grade Thermal Energy Conversion(LTEC) is refocused as one of the renewable energy...In the new century, energy and environmental problems are becoming more critical, and the development of natural energy is desired. Low-grade Thermal Energy Conversion(LTEC) is refocused as one of the renewable energy methods. The usefulness of LTEC is expected using hot springs and waste heat. In the case of the Rankine cycle using ammonia as the working fluid, the thermal properties of the working fluid changes in the evaporator. The traditional evaluation method of heat exchanger performance is the LMTD(Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference) method. On the other hand, the GMTD(Generalized Mean Temperature Difference) method allows the variation of thermal properties in the heat exchanger. The aim of this study is to compare the two methods for the calculation of temperature differences and the corresponding influence on the total performance of the Rankine cycle that is operated using ammonia as a working fluid. As a result, the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is greater than that of the LMTD method. Moreover, the computable range of the GMTD calculation method is less than that of the LMTD calculation method.展开更多
文摘The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system is a promising solution to provide stable electricity supply. Although the available temperature difference in OTEC systems is small, an ammonia/water mixture as working fluid is expected to decrease irreversible losses in the heat exchangers and to improve system performance. However, in actual heat exchangers, an adequate temperature crossing does not occur in the condenser but in the evaporator. Therefore, clarification of this characteristic is important. To date, the logarithmic temperature difference (LMTD) method is used in performance evaluations of OTEC heat exchangers. This method is of limited use if physical properties of fluids vary. A generalized mean temperature difference (GMTD) method is introduced to perform this evaluation. As changes in fluid property values can be considered in the GMTD method, method dependencies on heat exchanger characteristics, effectiveness, and system characteristics can be studied. In particular, GMTD and LMTD using a pure substance were found to be almost equal. Mean temperature differences using mixtures as working fluid were higher in the evaporator, but lower in the condenser, from the GMTD method than from the LMTD method. For higher ammonia concentrations in ammonia/water mixtures, the mean temperature differences from both methods are different.
文摘本文提出了一种OTEC(OTEC,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)增温再热朗肯动力循环,通过第二类吸收式热泵提升热源品质,在热力循环中创造一个相对高温区,与表层温海水共同对朗肯循环的湿工质进行过热,保证了透平出口干度,提升了循环的平均吸热温度,实现了单一热源下的梯级加热和能级匹配,系统效率得到较大的提升。论文构建了OTEC增温再热朗肯动力循环热力学模型,对比了增温再热朗肯动力循环与传统循环的热力性能,并分析了热泵子循环的最佳增温温度。结果表明:增温再热的效果与OTEC循环工质有较大关联,且存在最佳增温温度;对于采用R134A等近似等熵工质的OTEC循环,增温再热的热力性能提升不明显;而对于CO_(2)等工作在亚临界区间的工质而言,增温再热可使热效率提升19.63%41.71%;对于NH3等过热需求较大工质而言,增温再热具有显著的提升效果;其中NH3工质的提升幅度最高,最佳增温温度为42.5°C,OTEC循环热效率可由2.34%提升至4.25%,升幅达84.45%。
基金supported by the fund for the 21st Century Center of Excellence program(Advanced Science and Technology for Utilization of Ocean Energy)
文摘Power generation using small temperature difference such as ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)and discharged thermal energy conversion(DTEC)is expected to be the countermeasures against global warming problem.As ammonia and ammonia/water are used in evaporators for OTEC and DTEC as working fluids,the research of their local boiling heat transfer is important for improvement of the power generation efficiency.Measurements of local boiling heat transfer coefficients were performed for ammonia/water mixture(z=0.9-1)on a vertical flat plate heat exchanger in a range of mass flux(7.5-15 kg/m2s),heat flux(15-23 kW/m 2),and pressure(0.7-0.9 MPa).The result shows that in the case of ammonia/water mixture,the local heat transfer coefficients increase with an increase of mass flux and composition of ammonia,and decrease with an increase of heat flux.
文摘In the new century, energy and environmental problems are becoming more critical, and the development of natural energy is desired. Low-grade Thermal Energy Conversion(LTEC) is refocused as one of the renewable energy methods. The usefulness of LTEC is expected using hot springs and waste heat. In the case of the Rankine cycle using ammonia as the working fluid, the thermal properties of the working fluid changes in the evaporator. The traditional evaluation method of heat exchanger performance is the LMTD(Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference) method. On the other hand, the GMTD(Generalized Mean Temperature Difference) method allows the variation of thermal properties in the heat exchanger. The aim of this study is to compare the two methods for the calculation of temperature differences and the corresponding influence on the total performance of the Rankine cycle that is operated using ammonia as a working fluid. As a result, the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is greater than that of the LMTD method. Moreover, the computable range of the GMTD calculation method is less than that of the LMTD calculation method.
