Objective To compare the entropy with narcotrend indexes during the period of propofol induction and tracheal intubation. Methods Eighteen patients of ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ were inducted by target-controlled infusion (TCI) of pro...Objective To compare the entropy with narcotrend indexes during the period of propofol induction and tracheal intubation. Methods Eighteen patients of ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ were inducted by target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol, target was set according to the effect compartment concentration (Ce), stepwise increasing (0.5 mg/L) method was used, after the final Ce (6 mg/L) was achieved, orotracheal intubation was performed. Observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) was used to detect the changes of consciousness. Response entropy (RE), state entropy (SE), stages and values of narcotrend (NT), MAP and HR were recorded at each step of Ce, and the time-point of before, immediately, and 1min to 10min after tracheal intubation. Results Scores of OAA/S scale were decreased with the increases of Ce of propofol. Ce according to OAA/S score of 2 and 0 were 2.0±0.6 mg/L and 2.2±0.6 mg/L, respectively. Values of RE, SE, and NT were decreased gradually with the increases of Ce, especially the NT values. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between Ce and RE, SE, NT values were -0.83,-0.80 and -0.86 (P<0.01), respectively. RE, SE, and NT values at the point of 2.0 mg/L of Ce were significantly lower than those of baseline. Compared to the values of before intubation, RE and SE of immediately after intubation were significantly increased (P<0.05), MAP and HR at the time-point of 1min and 2min after intubation were also increased(P<0.05), however, values and stages of NT had no statistically significant changes during the period of intubation. Conclusions Both Entropy and Narcotrend indexes can reflect promptly the changes of consciousness during the induction of propofol, and they have a close correlation with the effect compartment concentration of propofol, especially the stages and values of NT. Entropy index (RE and SE) and hemodynamic indictors (MAP and HR), but Narcotrend index (stages and values), can reflect the stimulation of tracheal intubation.展开更多
Background: Midazolam and acetaminophen are often co-administered in anesthesia practice. Both are metabolized by CYP 3A4 enzyme in the liver, and hence compete for the enzyme sites. This might lead to reduced metabol...Background: Midazolam and acetaminophen are often co-administered in anesthesia practice. Both are metabolized by CYP 3A4 enzyme in the liver, and hence compete for the enzyme sites. This might lead to reduced metabolic breakdown and enhanced pharmacodynamic effects of midazolam in the presence of acetaminophen. Methods: The present study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. After IRB approval from Mount Sinai Medical Center, 15 healthy volunteers were used for 2 tests. For the first test, they were randomly assigned to receive oral doses of either midazolam 0.3 mg/kg in cherry syrup (Protocol A), or midazolam 0.3 mg/kg plus cherry flavored acetaminophen 15 mg/kg (Protocol B). At set intervals from 0 to 480 min, the blood levels of midazolam and the subjects pulse rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, BIS index, and OAA/S scores were determined. After 2 weeks, the same subjects underwent the second test;they received the other medication protocol. Results: Acetaminophen slightly, but not significantly, increased the half life of blood midazolam, and the depressive effects of midazolam on the clinical signs of the subjects. Conclusion: These results lead us to conclude that there is no need to reduce the doses of midazolam when used in combination with acetaminophen.展开更多
本文通过把实时调度Agent作为一个元Agent集成到OAA(Open Agent Architecture)中,提出了一种基于OAA的实时多Agent系统结构。其中实时调度Agent通过用ICL(Inter-agent Communication Language)描述的接口和过程与OAA中的Facilitator进...本文通过把实时调度Agent作为一个元Agent集成到OAA(Open Agent Architecture)中,提出了一种基于OAA的实时多Agent系统结构。其中实时调度Agent通过用ICL(Inter-agent Communication Language)描述的接口和过程与OAA中的Facilitator进行通信,从而能够为实时Agent的通信、调度和协调提供实时服务,并且支持嵌入不同的实时调度算法以满足不同的系统需求,改进系统的实时性。展开更多
Cerebrovascular accident（CVA）or stroke is one of the world＇s leading causes of death and permanent disability.The high social and medical costs associated with this pathology mean there is an urgent need to find ef...Cerebrovascular accident（CVA）or stroke is one of the world＇s leading causes of death and permanent disability.The high social and medical costs associated with this pathology mean there is an urgent need to find effective therapies.Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery（MCAO）,mainly by clots,is the origin of most CVAs in humans.展开更多
文摘Objective To compare the entropy with narcotrend indexes during the period of propofol induction and tracheal intubation. Methods Eighteen patients of ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ were inducted by target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol, target was set according to the effect compartment concentration (Ce), stepwise increasing (0.5 mg/L) method was used, after the final Ce (6 mg/L) was achieved, orotracheal intubation was performed. Observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) was used to detect the changes of consciousness. Response entropy (RE), state entropy (SE), stages and values of narcotrend (NT), MAP and HR were recorded at each step of Ce, and the time-point of before, immediately, and 1min to 10min after tracheal intubation. Results Scores of OAA/S scale were decreased with the increases of Ce of propofol. Ce according to OAA/S score of 2 and 0 were 2.0±0.6 mg/L and 2.2±0.6 mg/L, respectively. Values of RE, SE, and NT were decreased gradually with the increases of Ce, especially the NT values. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between Ce and RE, SE, NT values were -0.83,-0.80 and -0.86 (P<0.01), respectively. RE, SE, and NT values at the point of 2.0 mg/L of Ce were significantly lower than those of baseline. Compared to the values of before intubation, RE and SE of immediately after intubation were significantly increased (P<0.05), MAP and HR at the time-point of 1min and 2min after intubation were also increased(P<0.05), however, values and stages of NT had no statistically significant changes during the period of intubation. Conclusions Both Entropy and Narcotrend indexes can reflect promptly the changes of consciousness during the induction of propofol, and they have a close correlation with the effect compartment concentration of propofol, especially the stages and values of NT. Entropy index (RE and SE) and hemodynamic indictors (MAP and HR), but Narcotrend index (stages and values), can reflect the stimulation of tracheal intubation.
文摘Background: Midazolam and acetaminophen are often co-administered in anesthesia practice. Both are metabolized by CYP 3A4 enzyme in the liver, and hence compete for the enzyme sites. This might lead to reduced metabolic breakdown and enhanced pharmacodynamic effects of midazolam in the presence of acetaminophen. Methods: The present study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. After IRB approval from Mount Sinai Medical Center, 15 healthy volunteers were used for 2 tests. For the first test, they were randomly assigned to receive oral doses of either midazolam 0.3 mg/kg in cherry syrup (Protocol A), or midazolam 0.3 mg/kg plus cherry flavored acetaminophen 15 mg/kg (Protocol B). At set intervals from 0 to 480 min, the blood levels of midazolam and the subjects pulse rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, BIS index, and OAA/S scores were determined. After 2 weeks, the same subjects underwent the second test;they received the other medication protocol. Results: Acetaminophen slightly, but not significantly, increased the half life of blood midazolam, and the depressive effects of midazolam on the clinical signs of the subjects. Conclusion: These results lead us to conclude that there is no need to reduce the doses of midazolam when used in combination with acetaminophen.
文摘本文通过把实时调度Agent作为一个元Agent集成到OAA(Open Agent Architecture)中,提出了一种基于OAA的实时多Agent系统结构。其中实时调度Agent通过用ICL(Inter-agent Communication Language)描述的接口和过程与OAA中的Facilitator进行通信,从而能够为实时Agent的通信、调度和协调提供实时服务,并且支持嵌入不同的实时调度算法以满足不同的系统需求,改进系统的实时性。
文摘Cerebrovascular accident（CVA）or stroke is one of the world＇s leading causes of death and permanent disability.The high social and medical costs associated with this pathology mean there is an urgent need to find effective therapies.Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery（MCAO）,mainly by clots,is the origin of most CVAs in humans.
