Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an impl...Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an implant after nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods: The subjects were three such patients treated using FNACG and who were followed up for at least one year postoperatively. The surgical outcome was assessed for symmetry of nipple-areola position, graft take, depigmentation, and shrinkage. Results: In all patients, the graft was accurately transferred to a position to achieve symmetry with the unaffected breast, and there was complete graft take in the areola by simple surgical design and techniques. No depigmentation of the areola was observed. The size of the areola was almost unchanged after grafting in two patients, but areolar shrinkage occurred in one other patient. There was complete graft take in the nipple in one patient and no depigmentation of the nipple was observed. Necrosis occurred at the tip of the nipple in two other patients. These patients had depigmentation, and the height of nipples decreased in proportion to the level of necrosis. Conclusion: FNACG can be a useful method if its advantages and disadvantages are well considered.展开更多
Background: Recent advances in breast reconstruction and the introduction of oncoplastic techniques have resulted in significant improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being of most patients. Nipple spa...Background: Recent advances in breast reconstruction and the introduction of oncoplastic techniques have resulted in significant improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being of most patients. Nipple sparing mastectomy is a surgical technique that removes breast tissue while preserving the native skin envelope, infra-mammary fold and the NAC, which allows immediately reconstructed breasts to have an excellent cosmetic outcome. Aim: Our primary end point was for objective assessment of aesthetic outcome after NSM via more accurate new method and subsiding bias in that assessment and the secondary end point was for evaluating the influence of incision choice and recommending which incision is the best for each patient putting in mind cup size, degree of ptosis and body mass index of Egyptian patients. Methods: Starting January 2013 to November 2015, 74 patients with breast cancer underwent NSM with immediate reconstruction using LD flap with or without implant augmentation. Results: Incisions used are elliptical (37.8%), lateral (27%), peri-areolar (21.6%) and infra-mammary (13.5%). In 81.1% of the patients, the procedure was performed using extended LD flaps only, while in the remaining 18.9% the flaps were augmented using implant insertion. Axillary dissection was done in 68.9% of patients and SLN in 24.3% of patients. Overall aesthetic results were done by patient self-assessment, assessment by the surgeon, assessment by professional plastic breast surgeon and assessment by onco-plastic surgeon, and this was followed by statistical analysis of the agreement between the plastic surgeon and the onco-plastic surgeon. Conclusion: NSM is safe, feasible and offers adequate oncologic results along with excellent cosmetic outcome. Choice of incision and reconstruction should be tailored to suit each patient. Breast cancer patients can benefit from sound resection and enjoy a sense of wholeness.展开更多
Nipple-sparing mastectomy(NSM) is a safe technique in patients who are candidates for conservation breast surgery. However, there is worry concerning its oncological safety and surgical outcome in terms of postoperati...Nipple-sparing mastectomy(NSM) is a safe technique in patients who are candidates for conservation breast surgery. However, there is worry concerning its oncological safety and surgical outcome in terms of postoperative complications. The authors reviewed the literature to evaluate the oncological safety, patient selection, surgical techniques, and also to identify the factors influencing postoperative outcome and complication rates. Patient selection and safety related to NSM are based on oncological and anatomical parameters. Among the main criteria, the oncological aspects include the clinical stage of breast cancer, tumor characteristics and location including small, peripherally located tumors, without multicentricity, or for prophylactic mastectomy. Surgical success depends on coordinated planning with the oncological surgeon andcareful preoperative and intraoperative management. In general, the NSM reconstruction is related to autologous and alloplastic techniques and sometimes include contra-lateral breast surgery. Choice of reconstructive technique following NSM requires accurate consideration of various patient related factors, including: breast volume, degree of ptosis, areola size, clinical factors, and surgeon's experience. In addition, tumor related factors include dimension, location and proximity to the nipple-areola complex. Regardless of the fact that there is no unanimity concerning the appropriate technique, the criteria are determined by the surgeon's experience and the anatomical aspects of the breast. The positive aspects of the technique utilized should include low interference with the oncological treatment, reproducibility, and long-term results. Selected patients can have safe outcomes and therefore this may be a feasible option for early breast cancer management. However, available data demonstrates that NSM can be safely performed for breast cancer treatment in selected cases. Additional studies and longer follow-up are necessary to define consistent selection criteria for NSM.展开更多
Objective：To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy （NSM） for breast cancer patients based on current literature.Data Sources：A comprehensive literature search ofMedline,Embase databases was co...Objective：To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy （NSM） for breast cancer patients based on current literature.Data Sources：A comprehensive literature search ofMedline,Embase databases was conducted for studies published through March 2014.Study Selection：Our search criteria included English-language studies that focused on NSM at nipple-areola complex （NAC） involvement,patient selection,and recurrence.Prophylaxis NSM,case series or reports that based on very small population were excluded.In the end,42 studies concerning NSM and oncological safety were included into the review.Results：NSM is a surgical procedure that allows the preservation of the skin and NAC in breast cancer patients or in patients with prophylactic mastectomy.However,the oncologic safety and patient selection criteria associated with NSM are still under debate.The incidence of NAC involvement of breast cancer in recent studies ranges from 9.5% to 24.6%,which can be decreased through careful patient selection.Tumour-nipple distance,tumour size,lymph node involvement and molecular characteristics can be evaluated preoperatively by clinical examinations,imaging studies and biopsies to predict the risk of NAC involvement.Currently,there is no available standard protocol for surgical approaches to NSM or pathological examination of NSM specimens.The local recurrence （ranges from 0% to 24%） of NSM is not significantly higher than that of traditional mastectomy in selected patients based on long-term follow-up.The role of radiotherapy in NSM is still controversial and is not universally accepted.Conclusions：NSM appears to be oncologically safe following careful patient selection and assessment of margins.展开更多
目的探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术(NSM)联合即刻乳房重建手术(IBR)手术中乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)安全性保留的相关危险因素,并建立预测模型。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年8月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科行NSM联合IBR的474例...目的探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术(NSM)联合即刻乳房重建手术(IBR)手术中乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)安全性保留的相关危险因素,并建立预测模型。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年8月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科行NSM联合IBR的474例病人的临床资料。依据乳头后方组织术后石蜡病检结果进行病例分组即NAC(+)组与NAC(-)组。分析两组病人的临床、影像及病理学特征,进行多因素分析,对独立预测指标赋值,计算不同分值的NAC阳性率,建立相应预测模型并验证。结果 474例病例中,NAC阳性率为13.71%(65/474),单因素分析显示肿瘤位置、乳头溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、肿瘤至乳头距离(TND)、临床淋巴结状态、MG-乳头后方钙化、恶性特征钙化灶、合并原位癌成分、组织学类型、组织学分级、脉管癌栓、分子分型与NAC肿瘤阳性相关。多因素分析显示乳头血性溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、TND、临床淋巴结状态、脉管癌栓是NAC肿瘤阳性独立预测指标。建立NAC预测指数(Predictive Index of NAC,PI-NAC)预测模型提示,0~1分为NAC肿瘤累及低风险,2~4分为中风险,5分及以上为高风险。该模型内部验证ROC曲线AUC值0.85(95%CI 0.80-0.89),具有较好预测效能。结论乳头血性溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、TND、临床淋巴结状态、脉管癌栓是NAC受累的重要独立指标。预测模型有助于术前更好地评估NSM的肿瘤安全性。展开更多
文摘Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an implant after nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods: The subjects were three such patients treated using FNACG and who were followed up for at least one year postoperatively. The surgical outcome was assessed for symmetry of nipple-areola position, graft take, depigmentation, and shrinkage. Results: In all patients, the graft was accurately transferred to a position to achieve symmetry with the unaffected breast, and there was complete graft take in the areola by simple surgical design and techniques. No depigmentation of the areola was observed. The size of the areola was almost unchanged after grafting in two patients, but areolar shrinkage occurred in one other patient. There was complete graft take in the nipple in one patient and no depigmentation of the nipple was observed. Necrosis occurred at the tip of the nipple in two other patients. These patients had depigmentation, and the height of nipples decreased in proportion to the level of necrosis. Conclusion: FNACG can be a useful method if its advantages and disadvantages are well considered.
文摘Background: Recent advances in breast reconstruction and the introduction of oncoplastic techniques have resulted in significant improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being of most patients. Nipple sparing mastectomy is a surgical technique that removes breast tissue while preserving the native skin envelope, infra-mammary fold and the NAC, which allows immediately reconstructed breasts to have an excellent cosmetic outcome. Aim: Our primary end point was for objective assessment of aesthetic outcome after NSM via more accurate new method and subsiding bias in that assessment and the secondary end point was for evaluating the influence of incision choice and recommending which incision is the best for each patient putting in mind cup size, degree of ptosis and body mass index of Egyptian patients. Methods: Starting January 2013 to November 2015, 74 patients with breast cancer underwent NSM with immediate reconstruction using LD flap with or without implant augmentation. Results: Incisions used are elliptical (37.8%), lateral (27%), peri-areolar (21.6%) and infra-mammary (13.5%). In 81.1% of the patients, the procedure was performed using extended LD flaps only, while in the remaining 18.9% the flaps were augmented using implant insertion. Axillary dissection was done in 68.9% of patients and SLN in 24.3% of patients. Overall aesthetic results were done by patient self-assessment, assessment by the surgeon, assessment by professional plastic breast surgeon and assessment by onco-plastic surgeon, and this was followed by statistical analysis of the agreement between the plastic surgeon and the onco-plastic surgeon. Conclusion: NSM is safe, feasible and offers adequate oncologic results along with excellent cosmetic outcome. Choice of incision and reconstruction should be tailored to suit each patient. Breast cancer patients can benefit from sound resection and enjoy a sense of wholeness.
文摘Nipple-sparing mastectomy(NSM) is a safe technique in patients who are candidates for conservation breast surgery. However, there is worry concerning its oncological safety and surgical outcome in terms of postoperative complications. The authors reviewed the literature to evaluate the oncological safety, patient selection, surgical techniques, and also to identify the factors influencing postoperative outcome and complication rates. Patient selection and safety related to NSM are based on oncological and anatomical parameters. Among the main criteria, the oncological aspects include the clinical stage of breast cancer, tumor characteristics and location including small, peripherally located tumors, without multicentricity, or for prophylactic mastectomy. Surgical success depends on coordinated planning with the oncological surgeon andcareful preoperative and intraoperative management. In general, the NSM reconstruction is related to autologous and alloplastic techniques and sometimes include contra-lateral breast surgery. Choice of reconstructive technique following NSM requires accurate consideration of various patient related factors, including: breast volume, degree of ptosis, areola size, clinical factors, and surgeon's experience. In addition, tumor related factors include dimension, location and proximity to the nipple-areola complex. Regardless of the fact that there is no unanimity concerning the appropriate technique, the criteria are determined by the surgeon's experience and the anatomical aspects of the breast. The positive aspects of the technique utilized should include low interference with the oncological treatment, reproducibility, and long-term results. Selected patients can have safe outcomes and therefore this may be a feasible option for early breast cancer management. However, available data demonstrates that NSM can be safely performed for breast cancer treatment in selected cases. Additional studies and longer follow-up are necessary to define consistent selection criteria for NSM.
文摘Objective：To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy （NSM） for breast cancer patients based on current literature.Data Sources：A comprehensive literature search ofMedline,Embase databases was conducted for studies published through March 2014.Study Selection：Our search criteria included English-language studies that focused on NSM at nipple-areola complex （NAC） involvement,patient selection,and recurrence.Prophylaxis NSM,case series or reports that based on very small population were excluded.In the end,42 studies concerning NSM and oncological safety were included into the review.Results：NSM is a surgical procedure that allows the preservation of the skin and NAC in breast cancer patients or in patients with prophylactic mastectomy.However,the oncologic safety and patient selection criteria associated with NSM are still under debate.The incidence of NAC involvement of breast cancer in recent studies ranges from 9.5% to 24.6%,which can be decreased through careful patient selection.Tumour-nipple distance,tumour size,lymph node involvement and molecular characteristics can be evaluated preoperatively by clinical examinations,imaging studies and biopsies to predict the risk of NAC involvement.Currently,there is no available standard protocol for surgical approaches to NSM or pathological examination of NSM specimens.The local recurrence （ranges from 0% to 24%） of NSM is not significantly higher than that of traditional mastectomy in selected patients based on long-term follow-up.The role of radiotherapy in NSM is still controversial and is not universally accepted.Conclusions：NSM appears to be oncologically safe following careful patient selection and assessment of margins.
文摘目的探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术(NSM)联合即刻乳房重建手术(IBR)手术中乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)安全性保留的相关危险因素,并建立预测模型。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年8月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科行NSM联合IBR的474例病人的临床资料。依据乳头后方组织术后石蜡病检结果进行病例分组即NAC(+)组与NAC(-)组。分析两组病人的临床、影像及病理学特征,进行多因素分析,对独立预测指标赋值,计算不同分值的NAC阳性率,建立相应预测模型并验证。结果 474例病例中,NAC阳性率为13.71%(65/474),单因素分析显示肿瘤位置、乳头溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、肿瘤至乳头距离(TND)、临床淋巴结状态、MG-乳头后方钙化、恶性特征钙化灶、合并原位癌成分、组织学类型、组织学分级、脉管癌栓、分子分型与NAC肿瘤阳性相关。多因素分析显示乳头血性溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、TND、临床淋巴结状态、脉管癌栓是NAC肿瘤阳性独立预测指标。建立NAC预测指数(Predictive Index of NAC,PI-NAC)预测模型提示,0~1分为NAC肿瘤累及低风险,2~4分为中风险,5分及以上为高风险。该模型内部验证ROC曲线AUC值0.85(95%CI 0.80-0.89),具有较好预测效能。结论乳头血性溢液、乳头凹陷、NAC皮肤湿疹样改变、临床肿瘤大小、TND、临床淋巴结状态、脉管癌栓是NAC受累的重要独立指标。预测模型有助于术前更好地评估NSM的肿瘤安全性。
