To learn the process of urban land evolution before and after an earthquake is vital to formulate the urban reconstruction control policies and recovery measures in the earthquake-stricken areas.However,spatiotemporal...To learn the process of urban land evolution before and after an earthquake is vital to formulate the urban reconstruction control policies and recovery measures in the earthquake-stricken areas.However,spatiotemporal evolution and its driving factors of urban land in earthquake-prone areas remains limited due to the scarcity of ground observation data.This research,leveraging night-time light remote sensing imagery and land cover data,conducted a comprehensive analysis of the long-term evolution characteristics of urban land in earthquake-prone areas.It introduced methodologies for assessing the socio-economic impact and the primary natural environmental factors driving urban land evolution in these regions.To validate the proposed methods,the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake-affected area in China was selected as a representative study area.The results indicated that the average Digital Number(DN)values in socio-economically impacted areas showed a trend of rising,falling,and then rising again after the earthquake.DN values in three types of damaged areas including Type Ⅱ,Type Ⅲ,and Type Ⅳ exceeded pre-earthquake levels.The analysis of determinative factors influencing urban land evolution revealed that slope and elevation were key elements in controlling urban land expansion before the earthquake,whereas factors such as slope,elevation,lithology,and faults had a stronger influence on urban land expansion after the earthquake.It can be seen that,in view of the differences in the natural conditions of regions for post-disaster reconstruction,the local government need to actively adjust and adapt to urban spatial planning,so as to leverage the scale effect of large-scale inputs of funds,facilities,human resources and other factors after the disaster,thus enhancing resilience and recovery efficiency in response to disaster impacts.展开更多
In this paper,the spatio-temporal variation and propagation direction of coal fire were studied in the Jharia Coalfield(JCF),India during 2006–2015 through satellite-based night-time land surface temperature(LST)imag...In this paper,the spatio-temporal variation and propagation direction of coal fire were studied in the Jharia Coalfield(JCF),India during 2006–2015 through satellite-based night-time land surface temperature(LST)imaging.The LST was retrieved from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)night-time thermal-infrared data by a robust split-window algorithm based on scene-specific regression coefficients,band-specific hybrid emissivity,and night-time atmospheric transmittance.The LST-profile-based coal fire detection algorithm was formulated through statistical analysis of the LST values along multiple transects across diverse coal fire locations in the JCF in order to compute date-specific threshold temperatures for separating thermally-anomalous and background pixels.This algorithm efficiently separates surface fire,subsurface fire,and thermally-anomalous transitional pixels.During the observation period,it was noticed that the coal fire area increased significantly,which resulted from new coal fire at many places owing to extensive opencast-mining operations.It was observed that the fire propagation occurred primarily along the dip direction of the coal seams.At places,lateral-propagation of limited spatial extent was also observed along the strike direction possibly due to spatial continuity of the coal seams along strike.Moreover,the opencast-mining activities carried out during 2009–2015 and the structurally weak planes facilitated the fire propagation.展开更多
Background Urbanization greatly afects the natural and social environment of human existence and may have a multifactoral impact on parasitic diseases.Schistosomiasis,a common parasitic disease transmitted by the snai...Background Urbanization greatly afects the natural and social environment of human existence and may have a multifactoral impact on parasitic diseases.Schistosomiasis,a common parasitic disease transmitted by the snail Oncomelania hupensis,is mainly found in areas with population aggregations along rivers and lakes where snails live.Previous studies have suggested that factors related to urbanization may infuence the infection risk of schistosomiasis,but this association remains unclear.This study aimed to analyse the efect of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk from a spatial and temporal perspective in the endemic areas along the Yangtze River Basin in China.Methods County-level schistosomiasis surveillance data and natural environmental factor data covering the whole Anhui Province were collected.The urbanization level was characterized based on night-time light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP-OLS)and the National Polar-Orbiting Partnership’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(NPP-VIIRS).The geographically and temporally weighted regression model(GTWR)was used to quantify the infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk with the other potential risk factors controlled.The regression coefcient of urbanization was tested for signifcance(α=0.05),and the infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk was analysed over time and across space based on signifcant regression coefcients.Variables studied included climate,soil,vegetation,hydrology and topography.Results The mean regression coefcient for urbanization(0.167)is second only to the leached soil area(0.300),which shows that the urbanization is the most important infuence factors for schistosomiasis infection risk besides leached soil area.The other important variables are distance to the nearest water source(0.165),mean minimum temperature(0.130),broadleaf forest area(0.105),amount of precipitation(0.073),surface temperature(0.066),soil bulk density(0.037)and展开更多
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between daily activities and sleep durations for patients following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (ePCI) and diagnosed with ischemic heart diseas...The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between daily activities and sleep durations for patients following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (ePCI) and diagnosed with ischemic heart disease (IHD) after discharge to their homes. The actigraph data were used to collect data from twenty five patients. The duration of night-time sleep (minutes from the start to end of night-time) and actual night-time sleep duration (total sleep duration excluding wake-up durations of night-time) on the seventh day after discharge were divided into three groups;less than 360, 360 to 480, and more than 480 minutes (short, optimal and long respectively). Subsequently, among the three groups of patients, the data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis H-test with multiple comparison procedures using the Scheffé-test in order to compare differences in daytime activity items at seven days after discharge from the hospital. Total daytime nap duration (p p p p < 0.05). However, the duration of night-time sleep and daytime activity did not significantly differ. If actual night-time sleep duration is improved from 360 to 480 minutes, daytime nap could potentially be decreased. Determining objective sleep conditions for patients and treating sleep disorders may improve overall patient health, facilitating appropriate sleep and wake rhythms.展开更多
Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre ar...Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites （Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh） over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO〉 03, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 × 10^3-1× 10^6 molecules/cm3 at these four urbap sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant difference between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time 03 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.展开更多
Heat stress studies in rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> sp.) under extreme weather scenarios generally use constant temperatures to influence the crop responses without relation to actual weather changes. These...Heat stress studies in rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> sp.) under extreme weather scenarios generally use constant temperatures to influence the crop responses without relation to actual weather changes. These heat stress studies may have limited implications for future crop yields because elevated temperatures are not based on local temperature fluctuations. This study investigated the night-time air temperature pattern and assessed the status and reliability of available weather station data in four major rice growing states;Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Louisiana (LA) and Texas (TX) using four public weather station databases. Hourly and daily night-time air temperatures from 20:00 to 06:00 were obtained from 1940 to 2018 during the rice growing period. During the 67-year period, a significant increase of 1.12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and 0.53<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C in seasonal night air temperature occurred in CA and AR (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001) while LA and TX showed minimal to no increase in night air temperature. Across all rice states and years, night air temperature fluctuations ranged between ±0.2<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and ±4<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with the greatest occurred in CA (2.9<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C) and AR (4.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). Mean night-time air temperature across all states ranged from 22.6<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 29.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with a rate of increase of 0.01<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 0.02<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C per year since 1941. Due to a relatively smaller spatial dataset (from 1941-2018), trend analyses for AR, TX and LA showed modest bias with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 1.1<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C of absolute mean temperature across al展开更多
The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estim...The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estimate the Q1 value using the single-station Z/H method. This technique enables us to carry out regional deep gcomagnetic sounding by the method. The data used for analyses are geomagnetic night-time values for about, typically, 26 years from 5 good-quality stations and for several years from 34 stations distributed over the globe. The results indicate that the night-time values yield more reliable response estimates for half-year period compared to the usual estimates obtained from daily means. It implies that the approximation for the night-time fields holds good for the half-year period, but the daily means are not suitable for estimating the response function of the semi-annual variations by using the single-station method. Source field analyses for daily means data and night-time means data have also been carried out in this paper.展开更多
Every city has built environments that are largely regarded as eyesores,for aesthetic,social,or moral reasons.Urban nightlife streets are examples of such‘grimy heritage’.Not only shabby and disorderly,they harbour ...Every city has built environments that are largely regarded as eyesores,for aesthetic,social,or moral reasons.Urban nightlife streets are examples of such‘grimy heritage’.Not only shabby and disorderly,they harbour forms of commercial sex,drinking cultures,and ephemeral nightlife cultures that many city residents and government officials consider undesirable.Sometimes their built forms are regarded as the enemy of genuine heritage architecture,since they obscure more solid,carefully designed structures around them.However,in many cities,organic nightlife streets—developing in such spaces precisely because they were derelict or poorly regulated—serve important social functions as spaces of creativity and community formation.This paper examines the ways that such‘grimy heritage’has developed in Shanghai and Tokyo,using examples from ethnographic research and historical sources,and addressing the question of the contribution of the‘grimy heritage’to authentic,urban social life.展开更多
Photovoltaic(PV)inverters are vital components for future smart grids.Although the popularity of PV-generator installations is high,their effective performance remains low.Certain inverters are designed to operate in ...Photovoltaic(PV)inverters are vital components for future smart grids.Although the popularity of PV-generator installations is high,their effective performance remains low.Certain inverters are designed to operate in volt-ampere reactive(VAR)mode during the night.Yet,this approach is ineffective due to the consumption of active power from the grid(as internal losses)and the regulation necessity of the direct-current(DC)bus.This paper will demonstrate the operation of a PV inverter in reactive power-injection mode when solar energy is unavailable.The primary focus is on the design of the inverter controller with respect to the synchronous rotating frame control method.The proposed novel method enables an inverter to inject the required level of reactive power to regulate the voltage levels of the utility grid within specified limits.In the process,the inverter does not absorb active power from the grid for its internal operation.The presented model has the ability to inject≤2 kVAR of reactive power at zero power factor without absorbing active power from the grid.Simulation and hardware models of the inverter were developed and tested for different reactive loads in which the hardware model represented the real-world application.The reactive power injection of the two models ran at zero power factor and produced the expected outcomes for their corresponding independent reactive loads.Henceforth,it was evident that the proposed method can enhance the efficiency of an inverter and ensure the stability of the utility grid to which it is connected.展开更多
Poverty is a severe barrier to sustainable human development and a pressing worldwide issue.Understanding how to accurately assess the spatial distribution of poverty in mountain areas has become crucial for ensuring ...Poverty is a severe barrier to sustainable human development and a pressing worldwide issue.Understanding how to accurately assess the spatial distribution of poverty in mountain areas has become crucial for ensuring that governments at all levels take suitable poverty reduction strategies.In this study,the mountain poverty spatial index(MPSI)was created by combining the digital elevation model(DEM),Luojia-1 night-time light imagery,point of interest(POI)data,and vegetation index products.The MPSI was then used to identify the spatial characteristics of poverty at different scales in the hilly area of Ganzhou city,Jiangxi Province,China.Socioeconomic statistics and Google satellite images were used to verify the reliability of MPSI by constructing a multidimensional poverty index(MPI)at the county scale.The results showed that MPSI and MPI have a positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.8934(P<0.001),which indicates that MPSI could be used to identify the spatial distribution of poverty well.Specifically,the smallest distribution of both MPSI and MPI was in Zhanggong District(1.4555 and 0.1894),which indicates that most of the affluent counties were concentrated in the central region of Ganzhou,and the poor areas were scattered in the surrounding areas of Ganzhou.In addition,MPSI accurately identified poverty in mountainous areas with complex terrain in small administrative units,which can provide a more accurate way to monitor the poverty situation in the mountainous areas of China.This study will be useful for providing scientific references for the Chinese government to implement targeted strategies for eradicating poverty with differentiated policies.展开更多
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of administration of sublethal doses of carbaryl on nighttime rat pineal melatonin synthesis in the presence and absence of propranolol, a β-adrenergic rece...The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of administration of sublethal doses of carbaryl on nighttime rat pineal melatonin synthesis in the presence and absence of propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Two groups of adult male albino rats were administered orally N-methyl-l-naphthylcarbamate (carbaryl) (8. 33mg/kg BW daily in corn oil) for six successive days; another two groups received corn oil only.On the last day of carbaryl treatment, half of the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of propranolol (20 mg/kg body weight, one hour before lights off). The other two groups were given a saline injection. Four hours after darkness onset, pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activities as well as pineal concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), serotonin (5HT),5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) and pineal and serum melatonin levels were measured. Nocturnal NAT activity was increased due to carbaryl administration but the pesticide was ineffective in stimulating NAT activity in rats treated with propranolol.Pineal 5HT was decreased due to carbaryl administration but 5HTP and 5HIAA levels were unaffected. Pineal and serum melatonin levels were decreased due to propranolol treatment. The results indicate that carbaryl may influence pineal NAT activity by a mechanism that involves β-adrenergic neural transmission.展开更多
Characteristics of diurnal cycle precipitation over China are investigated using twice-daily observations by the China Meteorological Administration during 1960–2000. Characteristics investigated include nighttime/da...Characteristics of diurnal cycle precipitation over China are investigated using twice-daily observations by the China Meteorological Administration during 1960–2000. Characteristics investigated include nighttime/daytime precipitation amount(PA), intensity, and frequency. Geographically, the region is separated into western and eastern China by the 110°E longitude. Our analysis shows that there generally is more night-time than daytime precipitation in western China, particularly in the Sichuan Basin. Over eastern China, the opposite holds true, particularly along the southeast coast. Regional average monthly daytime and night-time precipitation peaks in the same month for both western and eastern China. Over western China, monthly night-time precipitation is always greater than that during daytime, but the night-time precipitation frequency(PF) is only greater in non-summer(June–August) months. Over eastern China, daytime precipitation is greater than that in the night-time during the warm season(May–August) in both amount and frequency. The night-day difference(night-time minus daytime) in PA over western China is mainly influenced by precipitation intensity, while over eastern China the night-day difference in rainfall amount is mostly driven by PF.展开更多
Since the reform and opening up program was initiated in 1978,China’s urbanization has made rapid progress,but urban development remains unbalanced and insufficient.From the perspective of social and cultural diversi...Since the reform and opening up program was initiated in 1978,China’s urbanization has made rapid progress,but urban development remains unbalanced and insufficient.From the perspective of social and cultural diversity,this paper explores the impact of dialect diversity on city size.Dialect diversity impedes the expansion of cities by causing a trust segmentation and impeding cross-regional factor flow and the factor agglomeration effect.Based on the regional dialect diversity indicator and the NPP-VIIRS city night-time light index of 2016,this paper offers an empirical study of the impact of dialect diversity on city size.Econometric results indicate that dialect diversity has a significantly negative impact on city size.On average,an increase of each dialect sub-category leads to a decrease in city size estimated by the night-time light index by 4.55%.Robustness test and causality identification reveal that the estimated results of this paper have a robust causal relationship.Further empirical research indicates that dialect diversity affects the expansion of city size by inhibiting the flow and agglomeration of labor,capital and technology factors.Our research suggests that the development of diverse and inclusive modern cities needs to balance the costs and benefits of cultural diversity and uniformity,break through cultural barriers,remove cultural prejudices,raise the level of social trust,and give play to the complementary effect of cultural diversity.展开更多
Balanced regional development is essential to China's economic stability and efficiency and achievement of the goal to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Based on the DMSP/OLS nighttime lights ...Balanced regional development is essential to China's economic stability and efficiency and achievement of the goal to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Based on the DMSP/OLS nighttime lights data of 291 cities at or above prefecture level during 1992-2013, this paper examines the regional disparities and trends of Chinese mainland's economic development. The findings are as follows:(1) During sample observation period, China's overall regional disparities generally declined despite some volatility; China's intra-regional disparities have been curbed yet a consistent framework for inter-regional economic coordination is lacking.(2) Southern coastal region contributes a significant share to China's overall regional disparities as the developed cities of Guangdong Province did not create a significant spatial spillover effect on neighboring regions.(3) According to the result of spatial Markov transition probability estimation, spatial factor has played a remarkable role in the evolution of China's regional economy and proximity to high-level regions will accelerate a region's transition toward higher levels.展开更多
基金Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2032)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42371203).
文摘To learn the process of urban land evolution before and after an earthquake is vital to formulate the urban reconstruction control policies and recovery measures in the earthquake-stricken areas.However,spatiotemporal evolution and its driving factors of urban land in earthquake-prone areas remains limited due to the scarcity of ground observation data.This research,leveraging night-time light remote sensing imagery and land cover data,conducted a comprehensive analysis of the long-term evolution characteristics of urban land in earthquake-prone areas.It introduced methodologies for assessing the socio-economic impact and the primary natural environmental factors driving urban land evolution in these regions.To validate the proposed methods,the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake-affected area in China was selected as a representative study area.The results indicated that the average Digital Number(DN)values in socio-economically impacted areas showed a trend of rising,falling,and then rising again after the earthquake.DN values in three types of damaged areas including Type Ⅱ,Type Ⅲ,and Type Ⅳ exceeded pre-earthquake levels.The analysis of determinative factors influencing urban land evolution revealed that slope and elevation were key elements in controlling urban land expansion before the earthquake,whereas factors such as slope,elevation,lithology,and faults had a stronger influence on urban land expansion after the earthquake.It can be seen that,in view of the differences in the natural conditions of regions for post-disaster reconstruction,the local government need to actively adjust and adapt to urban spatial planning,so as to leverage the scale effect of large-scale inputs of funds,facilities,human resources and other factors after the disaster,thus enhancing resilience and recovery efficiency in response to disaster impacts.
文摘In this paper,the spatio-temporal variation and propagation direction of coal fire were studied in the Jharia Coalfield(JCF),India during 2006–2015 through satellite-based night-time land surface temperature(LST)imaging.The LST was retrieved from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)night-time thermal-infrared data by a robust split-window algorithm based on scene-specific regression coefficients,band-specific hybrid emissivity,and night-time atmospheric transmittance.The LST-profile-based coal fire detection algorithm was formulated through statistical analysis of the LST values along multiple transects across diverse coal fire locations in the JCF in order to compute date-specific threshold temperatures for separating thermally-anomalous and background pixels.This algorithm efficiently separates surface fire,subsurface fire,and thermally-anomalous transitional pixels.During the observation period,it was noticed that the coal fire area increased significantly,which resulted from new coal fire at many places owing to extensive opencast-mining operations.It was observed that the fire propagation occurred primarily along the dip direction of the coal seams.At places,lateral-propagation of limited spatial extent was also observed along the strike direction possibly due to spatial continuity of the coal seams along strike.Moreover,the opencast-mining activities carried out during 2009–2015 and the structurally weak planes facilitated the fire propagation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973102)Autonomous and Controllable Special Project for Surveying and Mapping of China(Grant No.816-517).
文摘Background Urbanization greatly afects the natural and social environment of human existence and may have a multifactoral impact on parasitic diseases.Schistosomiasis,a common parasitic disease transmitted by the snail Oncomelania hupensis,is mainly found in areas with population aggregations along rivers and lakes where snails live.Previous studies have suggested that factors related to urbanization may infuence the infection risk of schistosomiasis,but this association remains unclear.This study aimed to analyse the efect of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk from a spatial and temporal perspective in the endemic areas along the Yangtze River Basin in China.Methods County-level schistosomiasis surveillance data and natural environmental factor data covering the whole Anhui Province were collected.The urbanization level was characterized based on night-time light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP-OLS)and the National Polar-Orbiting Partnership’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(NPP-VIIRS).The geographically and temporally weighted regression model(GTWR)was used to quantify the infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk with the other potential risk factors controlled.The regression coefcient of urbanization was tested for signifcance(α=0.05),and the infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk was analysed over time and across space based on signifcant regression coefcients.Variables studied included climate,soil,vegetation,hydrology and topography.Results The mean regression coefcient for urbanization(0.167)is second only to the leached soil area(0.300),which shows that the urbanization is the most important infuence factors for schistosomiasis infection risk besides leached soil area.The other important variables are distance to the nearest water source(0.165),mean minimum temperature(0.130),broadleaf forest area(0.105),amount of precipitation(0.073),surface temperature(0.066),soil bulk density(0.037)and
文摘The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between daily activities and sleep durations for patients following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (ePCI) and diagnosed with ischemic heart disease (IHD) after discharge to their homes. The actigraph data were used to collect data from twenty five patients. The duration of night-time sleep (minutes from the start to end of night-time) and actual night-time sleep duration (total sleep duration excluding wake-up durations of night-time) on the seventh day after discharge were divided into three groups;less than 360, 360 to 480, and more than 480 minutes (short, optimal and long respectively). Subsequently, among the three groups of patients, the data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis H-test with multiple comparison procedures using the Scheffé-test in order to compare differences in daytime activity items at seven days after discharge from the hospital. Total daytime nap duration (p p p p < 0.05). However, the duration of night-time sleep and daytime activity did not significantly differ. If actual night-time sleep duration is improved from 360 to 480 minutes, daytime nap could potentially be decreased. Determining objective sleep conditions for patients and treating sleep disorders may improve overall patient health, facilitating appropriate sleep and wake rhythms.
文摘Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites （Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh） over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO〉 03, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 × 10^3-1× 10^6 molecules/cm3 at these four urbap sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant difference between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time 03 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.
文摘Heat stress studies in rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> sp.) under extreme weather scenarios generally use constant temperatures to influence the crop responses without relation to actual weather changes. These heat stress studies may have limited implications for future crop yields because elevated temperatures are not based on local temperature fluctuations. This study investigated the night-time air temperature pattern and assessed the status and reliability of available weather station data in four major rice growing states;Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Louisiana (LA) and Texas (TX) using four public weather station databases. Hourly and daily night-time air temperatures from 20:00 to 06:00 were obtained from 1940 to 2018 during the rice growing period. During the 67-year period, a significant increase of 1.12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and 0.53<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C in seasonal night air temperature occurred in CA and AR (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001) while LA and TX showed minimal to no increase in night air temperature. Across all rice states and years, night air temperature fluctuations ranged between ±0.2<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and ±4<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with the greatest occurred in CA (2.9<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C) and AR (4.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). Mean night-time air temperature across all states ranged from 22.6<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 29.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with a rate of increase of 0.01<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 0.02<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C per year since 1941. Due to a relatively smaller spatial dataset (from 1941-2018), trend analyses for AR, TX and LA showed modest bias with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 1.1<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C of absolute mean temperature across al
文摘The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estimate the Q1 value using the single-station Z/H method. This technique enables us to carry out regional deep gcomagnetic sounding by the method. The data used for analyses are geomagnetic night-time values for about, typically, 26 years from 5 good-quality stations and for several years from 34 stations distributed over the globe. The results indicate that the night-time values yield more reliable response estimates for half-year period compared to the usual estimates obtained from daily means. It implies that the approximation for the night-time fields holds good for the half-year period, but the daily means are not suitable for estimating the response function of the semi-annual variations by using the single-station method. Source field analyses for daily means data and night-time means data have also been carried out in this paper.
文摘Every city has built environments that are largely regarded as eyesores,for aesthetic,social,or moral reasons.Urban nightlife streets are examples of such‘grimy heritage’.Not only shabby and disorderly,they harbour forms of commercial sex,drinking cultures,and ephemeral nightlife cultures that many city residents and government officials consider undesirable.Sometimes their built forms are regarded as the enemy of genuine heritage architecture,since they obscure more solid,carefully designed structures around them.However,in many cities,organic nightlife streets—developing in such spaces precisely because they were derelict or poorly regulated—serve important social functions as spaces of creativity and community formation.This paper examines the ways that such‘grimy heritage’has developed in Shanghai and Tokyo,using examples from ethnographic research and historical sources,and addressing the question of the contribution of the‘grimy heritage’to authentic,urban social life.
文摘Photovoltaic(PV)inverters are vital components for future smart grids.Although the popularity of PV-generator installations is high,their effective performance remains low.Certain inverters are designed to operate in volt-ampere reactive(VAR)mode during the night.Yet,this approach is ineffective due to the consumption of active power from the grid(as internal losses)and the regulation necessity of the direct-current(DC)bus.This paper will demonstrate the operation of a PV inverter in reactive power-injection mode when solar energy is unavailable.The primary focus is on the design of the inverter controller with respect to the synchronous rotating frame control method.The proposed novel method enables an inverter to inject the required level of reactive power to regulate the voltage levels of the utility grid within specified limits.In the process,the inverter does not absorb active power from the grid for its internal operation.The presented model has the ability to inject≤2 kVAR of reactive power at zero power factor without absorbing active power from the grid.Simulation and hardware models of the inverter were developed and tested for different reactive loads in which the hardware model represented the real-world application.The reactive power injection of the two models ran at zero power factor and produced the expected outcomes for their corresponding independent reactive loads.Henceforth,it was evident that the proposed method can enhance the efficiency of an inverter and ensure the stability of the utility grid to which it is connected.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of Jiangxi Provincial Education Department(GJJ180233)。
文摘Poverty is a severe barrier to sustainable human development and a pressing worldwide issue.Understanding how to accurately assess the spatial distribution of poverty in mountain areas has become crucial for ensuring that governments at all levels take suitable poverty reduction strategies.In this study,the mountain poverty spatial index(MPSI)was created by combining the digital elevation model(DEM),Luojia-1 night-time light imagery,point of interest(POI)data,and vegetation index products.The MPSI was then used to identify the spatial characteristics of poverty at different scales in the hilly area of Ganzhou city,Jiangxi Province,China.Socioeconomic statistics and Google satellite images were used to verify the reliability of MPSI by constructing a multidimensional poverty index(MPI)at the county scale.The results showed that MPSI and MPI have a positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.8934(P<0.001),which indicates that MPSI could be used to identify the spatial distribution of poverty well.Specifically,the smallest distribution of both MPSI and MPI was in Zhanggong District(1.4555 and 0.1894),which indicates that most of the affluent counties were concentrated in the central region of Ganzhou,and the poor areas were scattered in the surrounding areas of Ganzhou.In addition,MPSI accurately identified poverty in mountainous areas with complex terrain in small administrative units,which can provide a more accurate way to monitor the poverty situation in the mountainous areas of China.This study will be useful for providing scientific references for the Chinese government to implement targeted strategies for eradicating poverty with differentiated policies.
文摘The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of administration of sublethal doses of carbaryl on nighttime rat pineal melatonin synthesis in the presence and absence of propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Two groups of adult male albino rats were administered orally N-methyl-l-naphthylcarbamate (carbaryl) (8. 33mg/kg BW daily in corn oil) for six successive days; another two groups received corn oil only.On the last day of carbaryl treatment, half of the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of propranolol (20 mg/kg body weight, one hour before lights off). The other two groups were given a saline injection. Four hours after darkness onset, pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activities as well as pineal concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), serotonin (5HT),5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) and pineal and serum melatonin levels were measured. Nocturnal NAT activity was increased due to carbaryl administration but the pesticide was ineffective in stimulating NAT activity in rats treated with propranolol.Pineal 5HT was decreased due to carbaryl administration but 5HTP and 5HIAA levels were unaffected. Pineal and serum melatonin levels were decreased due to propranolol treatment. The results indicate that carbaryl may influence pineal NAT activity by a mechanism that involves β-adrenergic neural transmission.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB956201)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-EW-202)the Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry(Meteorology)(GYHY201106028)
文摘Characteristics of diurnal cycle precipitation over China are investigated using twice-daily observations by the China Meteorological Administration during 1960–2000. Characteristics investigated include nighttime/daytime precipitation amount(PA), intensity, and frequency. Geographically, the region is separated into western and eastern China by the 110°E longitude. Our analysis shows that there generally is more night-time than daytime precipitation in western China, particularly in the Sichuan Basin. Over eastern China, the opposite holds true, particularly along the southeast coast. Regional average monthly daytime and night-time precipitation peaks in the same month for both western and eastern China. Over western China, monthly night-time precipitation is always greater than that during daytime, but the night-time precipitation frequency(PF) is only greater in non-summer(June–August) months. Over eastern China, daytime precipitation is greater than that in the night-time during the warm season(May–August) in both amount and frequency. The night-day difference(night-time minus daytime) in PA over western China is mainly influenced by precipitation intensity, while over eastern China the night-day difference in rainfall amount is mostly driven by PF.
基金Chongqing University Innovation Capacity Improvement Program“Cross-Jurisdictional Coordinated Development and Governance of Contiguous Poor Regions”(Grant No.2019CDSKXYGG0043)Chongqing University Fundamental Research Funds Program for the Central Universities“Regional Differences of Social Trust Modes and the Economic Effects”(Grant No.2018CDJSK01XK06).
文摘Since the reform and opening up program was initiated in 1978,China’s urbanization has made rapid progress,but urban development remains unbalanced and insufficient.From the perspective of social and cultural diversity,this paper explores the impact of dialect diversity on city size.Dialect diversity impedes the expansion of cities by causing a trust segmentation and impeding cross-regional factor flow and the factor agglomeration effect.Based on the regional dialect diversity indicator and the NPP-VIIRS city night-time light index of 2016,this paper offers an empirical study of the impact of dialect diversity on city size.Econometric results indicate that dialect diversity has a significantly negative impact on city size.On average,an increase of each dialect sub-category leads to a decrease in city size estimated by the night-time light index by 4.55%.Robustness test and causality identification reveal that the estimated results of this paper have a robust causal relationship.Further empirical research indicates that dialect diversity affects the expansion of city size by inhibiting the flow and agglomeration of labor,capital and technology factors.Our research suggests that the development of diverse and inclusive modern cities needs to balance the costs and benefits of cultural diversity and uniformity,break through cultural barriers,remove cultural prejudices,raise the level of social trust,and give play to the complementary effect of cultural diversity.
文摘Balanced regional development is essential to China's economic stability and efficiency and achievement of the goal to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Based on the DMSP/OLS nighttime lights data of 291 cities at or above prefecture level during 1992-2013, this paper examines the regional disparities and trends of Chinese mainland's economic development. The findings are as follows:(1) During sample observation period, China's overall regional disparities generally declined despite some volatility; China's intra-regional disparities have been curbed yet a consistent framework for inter-regional economic coordination is lacking.(2) Southern coastal region contributes a significant share to China's overall regional disparities as the developed cities of Guangdong Province did not create a significant spatial spillover effect on neighboring regions.(3) According to the result of spatial Markov transition probability estimation, spatial factor has played a remarkable role in the evolution of China's regional economy and proximity to high-level regions will accelerate a region's transition toward higher levels.
