Hunger, mostly initiated by a deficiency in energy, induces food seeking and intake. However, the drive toward food is not only regulated by physiological needs, but is motivated by the pleasure derived from ingestion...Hunger, mostly initiated by a deficiency in energy, induces food seeking and intake. However, the drive toward food is not only regulated by physiological needs, but is motivated by the pleasure derived from ingestion of food, in particular palatable foods. Therefore, feeding is viewed as an adaptive motivated behavior that involves integrated communication between homeostatic feeding circuits and reward circuits. The initiation and termination of a feeding episode are instructed by a variety of neuronal signals, and maladaptive plasticity in almost any component of the network may lead to the development of pathological eating disorders. In this review we will summarize the latest understanding of how the feeding circuits and reward circuits in the brain interact. We will emphasize communication between the hypothalamus and the mesolimbic dopamine system and highlight complexities, discrepancies, open questions and future directions for the field.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship of lower limb dominance with left- and right-handedness, supporting findings suggest that there is a role for peripheral factors in the neural control o...BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship of lower limb dominance with left- and right-handedness, supporting findings suggest that there is a role for peripheral factors in the neural control of movement. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of laterality pattern on the neural mechanisms of motor control at the peripheral level. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled observation experiment was performed at the Motor Diagnostics Laboratory of the Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland, in June 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Twenty young male adults aged 21-23 years and presenting two laterality patterns in hand-foot combination （right handed-right footed and left handed-left footed groups） took part in the experiment. All participants were carefully screened to eliminate any neurological or muscle disease or trauma. METHODS： The experiment included a laterality evaluation and the motor evoked potentials of dominant and non-dominant limbs. Measures were done through the use of the Hoffmann-reflex （H-reflex） circuitry. The soleus H-reflex parameters elicited at rest in lower extremities were compared. The soleus H-reflex and the direct motor response were elicited in lower extremities of each participant in the same laboratory session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Onset latencies and min-max amplitudes of the direct motor response and the H-reflex; the motor and sensory conduction velocities; and symmetry coefficients of response parameters. RESULTS： The analysis of symmetry coefficients of direct and late motor responses confirmed differences between two laterality patterns in amplitude and latency of the H-reflex as well as in a sensory conduction velocity （P 〈 0.05）, but not in direct motor response parameters. The amplitude of the H-reflex and the calculated sensory la afferent conduction velocity in the dominant lower extremity were significantly depressed in the right-sided group in comparison to the left-sided group （P = 0.001）. The right-sided group presented 展开更多
Depression leads to a large social burden because of its substantial impairment and disability in everyday activities. The prevalence and considerable impact of this disorder call for a better understanding of its pat...Depression leads to a large social burden because of its substantial impairment and disability in everyday activities. The prevalence and considerable impact of this disorder call for a better understanding of its pathophysiology to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Though productive animal models and pathophysiological theories have been documented, it is still very far to uncover the complex array of symptoms caused by depression. Moreover, the neural circuitry mechanism underlying behavioral changes in some depression-like behavior animals is still limited. Changes in the neural circuitry of amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens are related to depression. However, the interactions between individual neural circuitry of different brain areas, have not yet been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present review is to examine and summarize the current evidence for the pathophysiological mechanism of depression, with a focus on the neural circuitry, and emphasize the necessity and importance of integrating individual neural circuitry in different brain regions to understand depression.展开更多
目的探究投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元对小鼠痛觉的影响。方法使用雄性78周C57BL/6小鼠,在伏隔核注射逆向示踪包含Cre重组酶片段的腺相关病毒,在岛叶皮质分别注射Cre重组酶依赖的破伤风轻链改造TetTox,光敏感通道蛋白NpHR或光敏感通道蛋白ChR...目的探究投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元对小鼠痛觉的影响。方法使用雄性78周C57BL/6小鼠,在伏隔核注射逆向示踪包含Cre重组酶片段的腺相关病毒,在岛叶皮质分别注射Cre重组酶依赖的破伤风轻链改造TetTox,光敏感通道蛋白NpHR或光敏感通道蛋白ChR2的腺相关病毒。病毒表达28 d后,在岛叶皮质埋置光纤,埋置光纤2周后,进行光遗传学实验。通过行为学实验检测机械痛和辣椒素引起的急性疼痛。对机械痛,采用Von Frey细丝,使用up and down的方法进行痛阈检测小鼠的缩足阈值;对辣椒素引起的急性疼痛,使用辣椒素足底注射进行急性疼痛造模,观察并统计小鼠的舔爪时间及抬爪时间。结果沉默投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元使小鼠缩足阈值上升(P=0.01);光抑制岛叶到伏隔核通路使小鼠缩足阈值上升(P=0.02),急性疼痛下的舔爪时间(P=0.04)和抬爪时间降低(P=0.02),与沉默岛叶神经元对痛觉行为的影响一致;光激活投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元引起缩足阈值下降(P=0.0008),而舔爪时间(P=0.95)和抬爪时间(P=0.46)并没有减少。结论岛叶到伏隔核通路参与疼痛的传导和调控,抑制投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元使小鼠痛阈上升,激活岛叶投射到伏隔核的神经元使小鼠缩足阈值下降。展开更多
文摘Hunger, mostly initiated by a deficiency in energy, induces food seeking and intake. However, the drive toward food is not only regulated by physiological needs, but is motivated by the pleasure derived from ingestion of food, in particular palatable foods. Therefore, feeding is viewed as an adaptive motivated behavior that involves integrated communication between homeostatic feeding circuits and reward circuits. The initiation and termination of a feeding episode are instructed by a variety of neuronal signals, and maladaptive plasticity in almost any component of the network may lead to the development of pathological eating disorders. In this review we will summarize the latest understanding of how the feeding circuits and reward circuits in the brain interact. We will emphasize communication between the hypothalamus and the mesolimbic dopamine system and highlight complexities, discrepancies, open questions and future directions for the field.
基金a Grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland, No. N 404 045 31/2332
文摘BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship of lower limb dominance with left- and right-handedness, supporting findings suggest that there is a role for peripheral factors in the neural control of movement. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of laterality pattern on the neural mechanisms of motor control at the peripheral level. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled observation experiment was performed at the Motor Diagnostics Laboratory of the Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland, in June 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Twenty young male adults aged 21-23 years and presenting two laterality patterns in hand-foot combination （right handed-right footed and left handed-left footed groups） took part in the experiment. All participants were carefully screened to eliminate any neurological or muscle disease or trauma. METHODS： The experiment included a laterality evaluation and the motor evoked potentials of dominant and non-dominant limbs. Measures were done through the use of the Hoffmann-reflex （H-reflex） circuitry. The soleus H-reflex parameters elicited at rest in lower extremities were compared. The soleus H-reflex and the direct motor response were elicited in lower extremities of each participant in the same laboratory session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Onset latencies and min-max amplitudes of the direct motor response and the H-reflex; the motor and sensory conduction velocities; and symmetry coefficients of response parameters. RESULTS： The analysis of symmetry coefficients of direct and late motor responses confirmed differences between two laterality patterns in amplitude and latency of the H-reflex as well as in a sensory conduction velocity （P 〈 0.05）, but not in direct motor response parameters. The amplitude of the H-reflex and the calculated sensory la afferent conduction velocity in the dominant lower extremity were significantly depressed in the right-sided group in comparison to the left-sided group （P = 0.001）. The right-sided group presented
文摘Depression leads to a large social burden because of its substantial impairment and disability in everyday activities. The prevalence and considerable impact of this disorder call for a better understanding of its pathophysiology to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Though productive animal models and pathophysiological theories have been documented, it is still very far to uncover the complex array of symptoms caused by depression. Moreover, the neural circuitry mechanism underlying behavioral changes in some depression-like behavior animals is still limited. Changes in the neural circuitry of amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens are related to depression. However, the interactions between individual neural circuitry of different brain areas, have not yet been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present review is to examine and summarize the current evidence for the pathophysiological mechanism of depression, with a focus on the neural circuitry, and emphasize the necessity and importance of integrating individual neural circuitry in different brain regions to understand depression.
文摘目的探究投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元对小鼠痛觉的影响。方法使用雄性78周C57BL/6小鼠,在伏隔核注射逆向示踪包含Cre重组酶片段的腺相关病毒,在岛叶皮质分别注射Cre重组酶依赖的破伤风轻链改造TetTox,光敏感通道蛋白NpHR或光敏感通道蛋白ChR2的腺相关病毒。病毒表达28 d后,在岛叶皮质埋置光纤,埋置光纤2周后,进行光遗传学实验。通过行为学实验检测机械痛和辣椒素引起的急性疼痛。对机械痛,采用Von Frey细丝,使用up and down的方法进行痛阈检测小鼠的缩足阈值;对辣椒素引起的急性疼痛,使用辣椒素足底注射进行急性疼痛造模,观察并统计小鼠的舔爪时间及抬爪时间。结果沉默投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元使小鼠缩足阈值上升(P=0.01);光抑制岛叶到伏隔核通路使小鼠缩足阈值上升(P=0.02),急性疼痛下的舔爪时间(P=0.04)和抬爪时间降低(P=0.02),与沉默岛叶神经元对痛觉行为的影响一致;光激活投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元引起缩足阈值下降(P=0.0008),而舔爪时间(P=0.95)和抬爪时间(P=0.46)并没有减少。结论岛叶到伏隔核通路参与疼痛的传导和调控,抑制投向伏隔核的岛叶神经元使小鼠痛阈上升,激活岛叶投射到伏隔核的神经元使小鼠缩足阈值下降。
