Dinosaurs due to their diverse species and peculiar forms have drawn the interest of both artists and scientists. One way to unlock the unknown life of dinosaurs is to reconstruct dinosaurs through drawings, computer ...Dinosaurs due to their diverse species and peculiar forms have drawn the interest of both artists and scientists. One way to unlock the unknown life of dinosaurs is to reconstruct dinosaurs through drawings, computer animations or sculptures. Following the Introduction on “Dinosaur Reconstruction” by the present authors, where important Paleontological knowledge was presented, the next step is to examine some specific information along with necessary details for dinosaur reconstruction. The first and basic step to be taken for a reconstruction is the posture of the animal;this is the theme of the current paper. Dinosaurs would move either bipedally or quadrupedally depending on their kind and body construction. Based on the available literature, various issues in relation to the posture of an animal at different instances are examined. These are: postures of bipedal dinosaurs during walking, observation of living bipedal animals, postures of quadruped dinosaurs during walking, feeding styles, and dinosaur tails. Theropods had a locomotor behavior like modern birds, with the step width increasing when the animals decreased speed. The general posture and movement of quadrupeds and especially sauropods, remains a subject of great and much controversy. Some scientists believe that sauropod necks were generally held in a neutral or undeflected state during most of the time, while others believe that sauropod necks behaved like all present-day amniote with the mid-cervical region held nearly vertical. Also, there are indications that dinosaurs usually held their tails above ground. For all dinosaurs, the long tail was acting as a counterbalance to the head and body. As a validating example, the case of Amargasaurus is investigated with the help of a model, where the various positions of the animal are examined. A certain posture was chosen for a full-size steel and concrete reconstruction based on the features of the animal.展开更多
为实现卤鸭脖中糖分及盐分快速检测,应用近红外光谱仪器EXPEC 1370S对所采集卤鸭脖样品中盐分和糖分近红外光谱数据进行建模分析。利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以4∶1比例划分校正集和验证集。选择Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑、Savitzky-Gola...为实现卤鸭脖中糖分及盐分快速检测,应用近红外光谱仪器EXPEC 1370S对所采集卤鸭脖样品中盐分和糖分近红外光谱数据进行建模分析。利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以4∶1比例划分校正集和验证集。选择Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑、Savitzky-Golay导数、标准归一化(standard normal variate, SNV)等方法进行数据预处理,把校正样品集近红外光谱与其相应的主要化学成分指标值进行关联,建立偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)校正模型,并使用验证样品集对校正模型有效性进行验证。研究表明,利用全谱所建立的模型预测效果较好,说明近红外光谱仪器可以应用于对卤鸭脖糖分及盐分的快速检测。展开更多
文摘Dinosaurs due to their diverse species and peculiar forms have drawn the interest of both artists and scientists. One way to unlock the unknown life of dinosaurs is to reconstruct dinosaurs through drawings, computer animations or sculptures. Following the Introduction on “Dinosaur Reconstruction” by the present authors, where important Paleontological knowledge was presented, the next step is to examine some specific information along with necessary details for dinosaur reconstruction. The first and basic step to be taken for a reconstruction is the posture of the animal;this is the theme of the current paper. Dinosaurs would move either bipedally or quadrupedally depending on their kind and body construction. Based on the available literature, various issues in relation to the posture of an animal at different instances are examined. These are: postures of bipedal dinosaurs during walking, observation of living bipedal animals, postures of quadruped dinosaurs during walking, feeding styles, and dinosaur tails. Theropods had a locomotor behavior like modern birds, with the step width increasing when the animals decreased speed. The general posture and movement of quadrupeds and especially sauropods, remains a subject of great and much controversy. Some scientists believe that sauropod necks were generally held in a neutral or undeflected state during most of the time, while others believe that sauropod necks behaved like all present-day amniote with the mid-cervical region held nearly vertical. Also, there are indications that dinosaurs usually held their tails above ground. For all dinosaurs, the long tail was acting as a counterbalance to the head and body. As a validating example, the case of Amargasaurus is investigated with the help of a model, where the various positions of the animal are examined. A certain posture was chosen for a full-size steel and concrete reconstruction based on the features of the animal.
文摘为实现卤鸭脖中糖分及盐分快速检测,应用近红外光谱仪器EXPEC 1370S对所采集卤鸭脖样品中盐分和糖分近红外光谱数据进行建模分析。利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以4∶1比例划分校正集和验证集。选择Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑、Savitzky-Golay导数、标准归一化(standard normal variate, SNV)等方法进行数据预处理,把校正样品集近红外光谱与其相应的主要化学成分指标值进行关联,建立偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)校正模型,并使用验证样品集对校正模型有效性进行验证。研究表明,利用全谱所建立的模型预测效果较好,说明近红外光谱仪器可以应用于对卤鸭脖糖分及盐分的快速检测。
