Four different varieties of charnockitic rocks, with different modes of formation, from the Mesoproterozoic Natal belt are described and new C isotope data presented. Excellent coastal exposures in a number of quarrie...Four different varieties of charnockitic rocks, with different modes of formation, from the Mesoproterozoic Natal belt are described and new C isotope data presented. Excellent coastal exposures in a number of quarries and river sections make this part of the Natal belt a good location for observing charnockitic field relationships. Whereas there has been much debate on genesis of charnockites and the use of the term charnockite, it is generally recognized that the stabilization of orthopyroxene relative to biotite in granitoid rocks is a function of low aH2O （-- high CO2）, high temperature, and composition （especially Fe/（Fe ＋Mg））. From the Natal belt exposures, it is evident that syn-emplacement, magmatic crystallization of charnockite can arise from mantle-derived differentiated melts that are inherently hot and dry （as in the Oribi Gorge granites and Munster enderbite）, as well as from wet granitic melts that have been affected through interaction with dry country rock to produce localized charnockitic marginal facies in plutons （as in the Portobello Granite）. Two varieties of post-emplacement sub-solidus charnock- ites are also evident. These include charnockitic aureoles developed in leucocratic, biotite, garnet granite adjacent to cross-cutting enderbitic veins that are attributed to metamorphic-metasomatic processes （as in the Nicholson＇s Point granite, a part of the Margate Granite Suite）, as well as nebulous, patchy charnocki- tic veins in the Margate Granite that are attributed to anatectic metamorphic processes under low-aH2O fluid conditions during a metamorphic event. These varieties of charnockite show that the required physical conditions of their genesis can be achieved through a number of geological processes, providing some important implications for the classification of charnockites, and for the interpretation of charnock- ite genesis in areas where poor exposure obscures field relationships.展开更多
The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area.Between 2012 and 2020,44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish...The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area.Between 2012 and 2020,44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish breeding population were tagged using GPS telemetry to study their dispersal.Juveniles left the parental breeding area at the end of their first summer and performed wandering movements throughout the Iberian Peninsula,returning to the parental breeding area the following year,repeating the same pattern until they settled in their first breeding area.We analyzed the mean distance from the nest,the maximum reached distances,and the traveled distances(daily and hourly)during the first 2 years of dispersal and compared them.Despite the high individual variability,variables describing the dispersal movements of juveniles showed a decreasing trend during the second dispersal year:80% of individuals reached a shorter maximum distance in the second year,70% decreased their mean distance to the nest,65% decreased their hourly traveled distances,and 50% decreased their daily traveled distances.On the other hand,the red kites usually combined wandering movements with the establishment of temporary settlement areas(TSA).The average duration of settlement in the TSAs was 75±40 days(up to 182 days)and was located at 182±168 km from the nest.In those areas,juveniles used 781.0±1895.0 km^(2)(KDE 95%).Some of the TSAs were used by several individuals,which suggests that these areas might be good targets for conservation in future management plans.展开更多
We carried out SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating on A-type granitic intrusions from the Namaqua-Natal Province,South Africa,Sverdrupfjella,western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica and the Nampula Province of northern Mozambique....We carried out SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating on A-type granitic intrusions from the Namaqua-Natal Province,South Africa,Sverdrupfjella,western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica and the Nampula Province of northern Mozambique.Zircon grains in these granitic rocks are typically elongated and oscillatory zoned,suggesting magmatic origins.Zircons from the granitoid intrusions analyzed in this study suggest^1025-1100 Ma ages,which confirm widespread Mesoproterozoic A-type granitic magmatism in the Namaqua-Natal(South Africa),Maud(Antarctica)and Mozambique metamorphic terrains.No older inherited(e.g.,~2500 Ma Achean basement or^1200 Ma island are magmatism in northern Natal)zircon grains were seen.Four plutons from the Natal Belt(Mvoti Pluton,Glendale Pluton,Kwalembe Pluton,Ntimbankulu Pluton)display 1050-1040 Ma ages,whereas the Nthlimbitwa Pluton in northern Natal indicates older 1090-1080 Ma ages.A sample from Sverdrupfjella,Antarctica has^1091 Ma old zircons along with^530 Ma metamorphic rims.Similarly,four samples analysed from the Nampula Province of Mozambique suggest crystallization ages of^1060-1090 Ma but also show significant discordance with two samples showing younger^550 Ma overgrowths.None of the Natal samples show any younger overgrowths.A single sample from southwestern Namaqualand yielded an age of^1033 Ma.Currently available chronological data suggest magmatism took place in the Namaqua-Natal-MaudMozambique(NNMM)belt between^1025 Ma and^1100 Ma with two broad phases between^1060-1020 Ma and 1100-1070 Ma respectively,with peaks at between^1030-1040 Ma and^1070-1090 Ma.The age data from the granitic intrusions from Namaqualand.combined with those from Natal,Antarctica and Mozambique suggest a crude spatial-age relationship with the older>1070 Ma ages being largely restricted close to the eastern and western margins of the Kalahari Craton in northern Natal,Mozambique.Namaqualand and WDML Antarctica whereas the younger<1060 Ma ages dominate in southern Natal and western Namaqualand and are largely restricted to 展开更多
Fetal monitoring was first introduced in the 1960 s when cardiotocography(CTG)was first introduced.With the rapid development of electronic and information technology,CTG is commonly utilized across the world.Moreover...Fetal monitoring was first introduced in the 1960 s when cardiotocography(CTG)was first introduced.With the rapid development of electronic and information technology,CTG is commonly utilized across the world.Moreover,further standardization guidelines were established for CTG by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(ACOG)in 2009.1 CTG is also recommended as a regular monitoring method for high-risk pregnancies.展开更多
Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts.For example,telemetry studies of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melano...Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts.For example,telemetry studies of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)have shed light on many aspects of panda biology,but small sample sizes in each separate study make it difficult to draw broad conclusions.To overcome this problem we conducted the first synthesis of all 5 panda telemetry studies conducted to date.Using these data we investigated patterns in 6 main topics:home range,space-use interactions,core areas,movement patterns,seasonal migration and natal dispersal.We found that panda home range sizes do not vary between 2 main mountain ranges(Qionglai and Qinling),as was previously believed.Our results also suggest that female pandas increase their movement in the mating season:a behavior typically attributed only to males.We found and summarized telemetry and genetic evidence for female natal dispersal in the giant panda.Our synthesis highlights the need for additional research relating panda behavior to human disturbance factors,and can aid future studies on giant pandas as well as other species.展开更多
2005245 Study on genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis of α-thalassemia. LIU Jing-zhong(刘敬忠), et al. Center Gene Diag& Gene Ther, Beijing Chaoyang Hosp,Cap Med Univ,Beijing 100020. Chin J.Hematol ,2005; 26(...2005245 Study on genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis of α-thalassemia. LIU Jing-zhong(刘敬忠), et al. Center Gene Diag& Gene Ther, Beijing Chaoyang Hosp,Cap Med Univ,Beijing 100020. Chin J.Hematol ,2005; 26(2): 103-105. Objective: To develop a single-tube multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique to detect three common deletional α-thalassemias (α-Thal)展开更多
Dispersal,defined as a linear spreading movement of individuals away from others of the population is a fundamental characteristic of organisms in nature.Dispersal is a central concept in ecological,behavioral and evo...Dispersal,defined as a linear spreading movement of individuals away from others of the population is a fundamental characteristic of organisms in nature.Dispersal is a central concept in ecological,behavioral and evolutionary studies,driven by different forces such as avoidance of inbreeding depression,density-dependent competition and the need to change breeding locations.By effective dispersal,organisms can enlarge their geographic range and adjust the dynamic,sex ratio and genetic compositions of a population.Birds are one of the groups that are studied intensively by human beings.Due to their diurnal habits,diverse life history strategies and complex movement,birds are also ideal models for the study of dispersal behaviors.Certain topics of avian dispersal including sex-biased,asymmetric dispersal caused by differences in body conditions,dispersal processes,habitat selection and long distance dispersal are discussed here.Bird-ringing or marking,radio-telemetry and genetic markers are useful tools widely applied in dispersal studies.There are three major challenges regarding theoretical study and methodology research of dispersal:(1)improvement in research methodology is needed,(2)more in-depth theoretical research is necessary,and(3)application of theoretical research into the conservation efforts for threatened birds and the management of their habitats should be carried out immediately.展开更多
Ethnicity is defined as"belonging to a social groupthat has a common national or cultural tradition".Membership of certain ethnic groups has long been associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes m...Ethnicity is defined as"belonging to a social groupthat has a common national or cultural tradition".Membership of certain ethnic groups has long been associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Studies that examined ethnic differences amongst women with GDM were often conducted in western countries where women from various ethnic backgrounds were represented.The prevalence of GDM appears to be particularly high among women from South Asia and South East Asia,compared to Caucasian,African-American and Hispanic communities.For some,but not all ethnic groups,the body mass index is a risk factor for the development of GDM.Even within a particular ethnic group,those who were born in their native countries have a different risk profile for GDM compared to those born in western countries.In terms of treatment,medical nutrition therapy(MNT)plays a key role in the management of GDM and the prescription of MNT should be culturally sensitive.Limited studies have shown that women who live in an English-speaking country but predominantly speak a language other than English,have lower rates of dietary understanding compared with their English speaking counterparts,and this may affect compliance to therapy.Insulin therapy also plays an important role and there appears to be variation as to the progression of women who progress to requiring insulin among different ethnicities.As for peri-natal outcomes,women from Pacific Islander countries have higher rates of macrosomia,while women from Chinese backgrounds had lower adverse pregnancy outcomes.From a maternal outcome point of view,pregnant women from Asia with GDM have a higher incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance test results post-partum and hence a higher risk of future development of type2 diabetes mellitus.On the other hand,women from Hispanic or African-American backgrounds with GDM are more likely to develop hypertension post-partum.This review highlights the fact that management needs to be individualised and the clinician should be mindful of展开更多
文摘Four different varieties of charnockitic rocks, with different modes of formation, from the Mesoproterozoic Natal belt are described and new C isotope data presented. Excellent coastal exposures in a number of quarries and river sections make this part of the Natal belt a good location for observing charnockitic field relationships. Whereas there has been much debate on genesis of charnockites and the use of the term charnockite, it is generally recognized that the stabilization of orthopyroxene relative to biotite in granitoid rocks is a function of low aH2O （-- high CO2）, high temperature, and composition （especially Fe/（Fe ＋Mg））. From the Natal belt exposures, it is evident that syn-emplacement, magmatic crystallization of charnockite can arise from mantle-derived differentiated melts that are inherently hot and dry （as in the Oribi Gorge granites and Munster enderbite）, as well as from wet granitic melts that have been affected through interaction with dry country rock to produce localized charnockitic marginal facies in plutons （as in the Portobello Granite）. Two varieties of post-emplacement sub-solidus charnock- ites are also evident. These include charnockitic aureoles developed in leucocratic, biotite, garnet granite adjacent to cross-cutting enderbitic veins that are attributed to metamorphic-metasomatic processes （as in the Nicholson＇s Point granite, a part of the Margate Granite Suite）, as well as nebulous, patchy charnocki- tic veins in the Margate Granite that are attributed to anatectic metamorphic processes under low-aH2O fluid conditions during a metamorphic event. These varieties of charnockite show that the required physical conditions of their genesis can be achieved through a number of geological processes, providing some important implications for the classification of charnockites, and for the interpretation of charnock- ite genesis in areas where poor exposure obscures field relationships.
文摘The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area.Between 2012 and 2020,44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish breeding population were tagged using GPS telemetry to study their dispersal.Juveniles left the parental breeding area at the end of their first summer and performed wandering movements throughout the Iberian Peninsula,returning to the parental breeding area the following year,repeating the same pattern until they settled in their first breeding area.We analyzed the mean distance from the nest,the maximum reached distances,and the traveled distances(daily and hourly)during the first 2 years of dispersal and compared them.Despite the high individual variability,variables describing the dispersal movements of juveniles showed a decreasing trend during the second dispersal year:80% of individuals reached a shorter maximum distance in the second year,70% decreased their mean distance to the nest,65% decreased their hourly traveled distances,and 50% decreased their daily traveled distances.On the other hand,the red kites usually combined wandering movements with the establishment of temporary settlement areas(TSA).The average duration of settlement in the TSAs was 75±40 days(up to 182 days)and was located at 182±168 km from the nest.In those areas,juveniles used 781.0±1895.0 km^(2)(KDE 95%).Some of the TSAs were used by several individuals,which suggests that these areas might be good targets for conservation in future management plans.
基金supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to K.S.(Nos.09041116and 13440151)a Grant-in-Aid for the Young Scientists from JSPS to T.H.Antarctic Research funding to GHG from the NRF,SouthAfrica,Grant ID.110739
文摘We carried out SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating on A-type granitic intrusions from the Namaqua-Natal Province,South Africa,Sverdrupfjella,western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica and the Nampula Province of northern Mozambique.Zircon grains in these granitic rocks are typically elongated and oscillatory zoned,suggesting magmatic origins.Zircons from the granitoid intrusions analyzed in this study suggest^1025-1100 Ma ages,which confirm widespread Mesoproterozoic A-type granitic magmatism in the Namaqua-Natal(South Africa),Maud(Antarctica)and Mozambique metamorphic terrains.No older inherited(e.g.,~2500 Ma Achean basement or^1200 Ma island are magmatism in northern Natal)zircon grains were seen.Four plutons from the Natal Belt(Mvoti Pluton,Glendale Pluton,Kwalembe Pluton,Ntimbankulu Pluton)display 1050-1040 Ma ages,whereas the Nthlimbitwa Pluton in northern Natal indicates older 1090-1080 Ma ages.A sample from Sverdrupfjella,Antarctica has^1091 Ma old zircons along with^530 Ma metamorphic rims.Similarly,four samples analysed from the Nampula Province of Mozambique suggest crystallization ages of^1060-1090 Ma but also show significant discordance with two samples showing younger^550 Ma overgrowths.None of the Natal samples show any younger overgrowths.A single sample from southwestern Namaqualand yielded an age of^1033 Ma.Currently available chronological data suggest magmatism took place in the Namaqua-Natal-MaudMozambique(NNMM)belt between^1025 Ma and^1100 Ma with two broad phases between^1060-1020 Ma and 1100-1070 Ma respectively,with peaks at between^1030-1040 Ma and^1070-1090 Ma.The age data from the granitic intrusions from Namaqualand.combined with those from Natal,Antarctica and Mozambique suggest a crude spatial-age relationship with the older>1070 Ma ages being largely restricted close to the eastern and western margins of the Kalahari Craton in northern Natal,Mozambique.Namaqualand and WDML Antarctica whereas the younger<1060 Ma ages dominate in southern Natal and western Namaqualand and are largely restricted to
文摘Fetal monitoring was first introduced in the 1960 s when cardiotocography(CTG)was first introduced.With the rapid development of electronic and information technology,CTG is commonly utilized across the world.Moreover,further standardization guidelines were established for CTG by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(ACOG)in 2009.1 CTG is also recommended as a regular monitoring method for high-risk pregnancies.
文摘Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts.For example,telemetry studies of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)have shed light on many aspects of panda biology,but small sample sizes in each separate study make it difficult to draw broad conclusions.To overcome this problem we conducted the first synthesis of all 5 panda telemetry studies conducted to date.Using these data we investigated patterns in 6 main topics:home range,space-use interactions,core areas,movement patterns,seasonal migration and natal dispersal.We found that panda home range sizes do not vary between 2 main mountain ranges(Qionglai and Qinling),as was previously believed.Our results also suggest that female pandas increase their movement in the mating season:a behavior typically attributed only to males.We found and summarized telemetry and genetic evidence for female natal dispersal in the giant panda.Our synthesis highlights the need for additional research relating panda behavior to human disturbance factors,and can aid future studies on giant pandas as well as other species.
文摘2005245 Study on genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis of α-thalassemia. LIU Jing-zhong(刘敬忠), et al. Center Gene Diag& Gene Ther, Beijing Chaoyang Hosp,Cap Med Univ,Beijing 100020. Chin J.Hematol ,2005; 26(2): 103-105. Objective: To develop a single-tube multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique to detect three common deletional α-thalassemias (α-Thal)
文摘Dispersal,defined as a linear spreading movement of individuals away from others of the population is a fundamental characteristic of organisms in nature.Dispersal is a central concept in ecological,behavioral and evolutionary studies,driven by different forces such as avoidance of inbreeding depression,density-dependent competition and the need to change breeding locations.By effective dispersal,organisms can enlarge their geographic range and adjust the dynamic,sex ratio and genetic compositions of a population.Birds are one of the groups that are studied intensively by human beings.Due to their diurnal habits,diverse life history strategies and complex movement,birds are also ideal models for the study of dispersal behaviors.Certain topics of avian dispersal including sex-biased,asymmetric dispersal caused by differences in body conditions,dispersal processes,habitat selection and long distance dispersal are discussed here.Bird-ringing or marking,radio-telemetry and genetic markers are useful tools widely applied in dispersal studies.There are three major challenges regarding theoretical study and methodology research of dispersal:(1)improvement in research methodology is needed,(2)more in-depth theoretical research is necessary,and(3)application of theoretical research into the conservation efforts for threatened birds and the management of their habitats should be carried out immediately.
文摘Ethnicity is defined as"belonging to a social groupthat has a common national or cultural tradition".Membership of certain ethnic groups has long been associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Studies that examined ethnic differences amongst women with GDM were often conducted in western countries where women from various ethnic backgrounds were represented.The prevalence of GDM appears to be particularly high among women from South Asia and South East Asia,compared to Caucasian,African-American and Hispanic communities.For some,but not all ethnic groups,the body mass index is a risk factor for the development of GDM.Even within a particular ethnic group,those who were born in their native countries have a different risk profile for GDM compared to those born in western countries.In terms of treatment,medical nutrition therapy(MNT)plays a key role in the management of GDM and the prescription of MNT should be culturally sensitive.Limited studies have shown that women who live in an English-speaking country but predominantly speak a language other than English,have lower rates of dietary understanding compared with their English speaking counterparts,and this may affect compliance to therapy.Insulin therapy also plays an important role and there appears to be variation as to the progression of women who progress to requiring insulin among different ethnicities.As for peri-natal outcomes,women from Pacific Islander countries have higher rates of macrosomia,while women from Chinese backgrounds had lower adverse pregnancy outcomes.From a maternal outcome point of view,pregnant women from Asia with GDM have a higher incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance test results post-partum and hence a higher risk of future development of type2 diabetes mellitus.On the other hand,women from Hispanic or African-American backgrounds with GDM are more likely to develop hypertension post-partum.This review highlights the fact that management needs to be individualised and the clinician should be mindful of
