Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been known for decades to mediate neuroendocrine and vasodilative actions via G-protein-coupled receptors of Clas...Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been known for decades to mediate neuroendocrine and vasodilative actions via G-protein-coupled receptors of Class B. These are targets of imaging probes for positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in tumor diagnostics and tumor grading. However, they play only a subordinate role in the development of tracers for brain imaging. Difficulties in development of non-peptide ligands typical for cerebral receptors of PACAP and VIP are shared by all members of Class B receptor family. Essential landmarks have been confirmed for understanding of structural details of Class B receptor molecular signalling during the last five years. High relevance in the explanation of problems in ligand development for these receptors is admitted to the large N-terminal?ectodomain markedly different from Class A receptor binding sites and poorly suitable as orthosteric binding sites for the most small-molecule compounds. The present study is focused on the recently available receptor ligands for PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors as well as potential small-molecule lead structures suitable for use in PET or SPECT. Recently, biaryl, cyanothiophene and pentanamide structures with affinities in nM-range have been proposed as non-peptide ligands at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. However, most of these ligands have been classified as non-competitive related to the orthosteric binding site of endogenous peptide ligands of VPAC receptors. For PAC1 receptors have been identified hydrazide compounds for which an inhibitory and potentially competitive mechanism of receptor binding has been postulated based on molecular docking studies.展开更多
Hypothalamic receptors for neuropeptide Y, melaninconcentrating hormone, melanocortins and orexins/ hypocretins as well as for the downstream signaling corticotrophic factor have been discussed broadly for their influ...Hypothalamic receptors for neuropeptide Y, melaninconcentrating hormone, melanocortins and orexins/ hypocretins as well as for the downstream signaling corticotrophic factor have been discussed broadly for their influence on food intake and reward but also on several psychiatric disorders. For the development of non-peptide ligands for the in vivo detection of alterations in density and affinity of such G-protein coupled (GPCRs) peptide receptors the requirements to affinity and pharmacokinetics have been shifted to thresholds markedly distict from classical GPCRs to dissociation constants ported originally as potential therapeutics in the treatment of obesity among which some are suitable candidates for labeling as PET or SPECT-tracers providing receptor affinities even below 0.1 nM. These could be unique tools not only for better understanding of the mechanism of obesity but also for investigations of extrahypothalamic role of “feeding receptors” at the interface between neuroendocrine and mental diseases.展开更多
以5-溴水杨醛、4-氯苄氯为原料,通过消去、还原及溴化合成了4-溴-2-溴甲基-1-((4-溴苄基)氧)苯(3),以哌啶-4-酮合成了N-烯丙基-N-(4-哌啶基)对氯苯甲酰胺(7),通过(3)、(7)合成了一种新的非肽类小分子化合物CCR5拮抗剂N-烯丙基-N-(1-(5-...以5-溴水杨醛、4-氯苄氯为原料,通过消去、还原及溴化合成了4-溴-2-溴甲基-1-((4-溴苄基)氧)苯(3),以哌啶-4-酮合成了N-烯丙基-N-(4-哌啶基)对氯苯甲酰胺(7),通过(3)、(7)合成了一种新的非肽类小分子化合物CCR5拮抗剂N-烯丙基-N-(1-(5-溴-2-((4-氯苄基)氧基)苄基)-4-哌啶基)-4-氯苯甲酰胺(8),并对该产物进行了1 H NMR、13C NMR及MS表征。展开更多
以1-苯甲基-4-哌啶酮合成了4-甲基-N-乙基-N-(4-哌啶基)苯磺酰胺(中间体7),以4-氯苯甲氯为原料,通过溴化及还原合成了5-溴-2-(4-氯苯甲氧基)溴甲基苯(中间体3),通过中间体7和中间体3合成了一种新的小分子化合物4-甲基-N-乙基-N-(N-(5-溴...以1-苯甲基-4-哌啶酮合成了4-甲基-N-乙基-N-(4-哌啶基)苯磺酰胺(中间体7),以4-氯苯甲氯为原料,通过溴化及还原合成了5-溴-2-(4-氯苯甲氧基)溴甲基苯(中间体3),通过中间体7和中间体3合成了一种新的小分子化合物4-甲基-N-乙基-N-(N-(5-溴-2-(4-氯苯甲基氧基)苯甲基)-4-哌啶基)苯磺酰胺,对该产物进行了1 H NMR、MS、IR表征及生物活性检测,结果表明该化合物可以作为药物开发的候选化合物.展开更多
文摘Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been known for decades to mediate neuroendocrine and vasodilative actions via G-protein-coupled receptors of Class B. These are targets of imaging probes for positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in tumor diagnostics and tumor grading. However, they play only a subordinate role in the development of tracers for brain imaging. Difficulties in development of non-peptide ligands typical for cerebral receptors of PACAP and VIP are shared by all members of Class B receptor family. Essential landmarks have been confirmed for understanding of structural details of Class B receptor molecular signalling during the last five years. High relevance in the explanation of problems in ligand development for these receptors is admitted to the large N-terminal?ectodomain markedly different from Class A receptor binding sites and poorly suitable as orthosteric binding sites for the most small-molecule compounds. The present study is focused on the recently available receptor ligands for PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors as well as potential small-molecule lead structures suitable for use in PET or SPECT. Recently, biaryl, cyanothiophene and pentanamide structures with affinities in nM-range have been proposed as non-peptide ligands at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. However, most of these ligands have been classified as non-competitive related to the orthosteric binding site of endogenous peptide ligands of VPAC receptors. For PAC1 receptors have been identified hydrazide compounds for which an inhibitory and potentially competitive mechanism of receptor binding has been postulated based on molecular docking studies.
文摘Hypothalamic receptors for neuropeptide Y, melaninconcentrating hormone, melanocortins and orexins/ hypocretins as well as for the downstream signaling corticotrophic factor have been discussed broadly for their influence on food intake and reward but also on several psychiatric disorders. For the development of non-peptide ligands for the in vivo detection of alterations in density and affinity of such G-protein coupled (GPCRs) peptide receptors the requirements to affinity and pharmacokinetics have been shifted to thresholds markedly distict from classical GPCRs to dissociation constants ported originally as potential therapeutics in the treatment of obesity among which some are suitable candidates for labeling as PET or SPECT-tracers providing receptor affinities even below 0.1 nM. These could be unique tools not only for better understanding of the mechanism of obesity but also for investigations of extrahypothalamic role of “feeding receptors” at the interface between neuroendocrine and mental diseases.
文摘以5-溴水杨醛、4-氯苄氯为原料,通过消去、还原及溴化合成了4-溴-2-溴甲基-1-((4-溴苄基)氧)苯(3),以哌啶-4-酮合成了N-烯丙基-N-(4-哌啶基)对氯苯甲酰胺(7),通过(3)、(7)合成了一种新的非肽类小分子化合物CCR5拮抗剂N-烯丙基-N-(1-(5-溴-2-((4-氯苄基)氧基)苄基)-4-哌啶基)-4-氯苯甲酰胺(8),并对该产物进行了1 H NMR、13C NMR及MS表征。
文摘以1-苯甲基-4-哌啶酮合成了4-甲基-N-乙基-N-(4-哌啶基)苯磺酰胺(中间体7),以4-氯苯甲氯为原料,通过溴化及还原合成了5-溴-2-(4-氯苯甲氧基)溴甲基苯(中间体3),通过中间体7和中间体3合成了一种新的小分子化合物4-甲基-N-乙基-N-(N-(5-溴-2-(4-氯苯甲基氧基)苯甲基)-4-哌啶基)苯磺酰胺,对该产物进行了1 H NMR、MS、IR表征及生物活性检测,结果表明该化合物可以作为药物开发的候选化合物.
