The N = 1 supersymmetric extensions of two integrable systems,a special negative Kadomtsev–Petviashvili(NKP)system and a(2+1)-dimensional modified Korteweg–de Vries(MKd V) system,are constructed from the Hiro...The N = 1 supersymmetric extensions of two integrable systems,a special negative Kadomtsev–Petviashvili(NKP)system and a(2+1)-dimensional modified Korteweg–de Vries(MKd V) system,are constructed from the Hirota formalism in the superspace.The integrability of both systems in the sense of possessing infinitely many generalized symmetries are confirmed by extending the formal series symmetry approach to the supersymmetric framework.It is found that both systems admit a generalization of W∞type algebra and a Kac-Moody–Virasoro type subalgebra.Interestingly,the first one of the positive flow of the supersymmetric NKP system is another N = 1 supersymmetric extension of the(2+1)-dimensional MKd V system.Based on our work,a hypothesis is put forward on a series of(2+1)-dimensional supersymmetric integrable systems.It is hoped that our work may develop a straightforward way to obtain supersymmetric integrable systems in high dimensions.展开更多
Decidual natural killer (dNK) cells express an array of activation receptors to regulate placental immunity and development during early pregnancy. We investigated the functional character of human dNK cells during ...Decidual natural killer (dNK) cells express an array of activation receptors to regulate placental immunity and development during early pregnancy. We investigated the functional character of human dNK cells during the first and second trimester of gestation and the interaction between dNK and trophoblast cells. Although the frequency of CD56+CD16-dNK among the total CD45+ leukocytes did not change over this period, the expression of the activating receptors, NKp80 and NKG2D, was greatly upregulated. We observed a significantly higher number of extravillous trophoblast cells in proximity to the dNK cells in the first trimester in comparison with the second trimester decidua. NKG2D expression by first trimester dNK cells was decreased when co-cultured with the HTR-8 trophoblast cell line. In the second trimester, functional markers of dNK activation, i.e., angiogenic factor production (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, interferon-gamma), remained stable despite an increase in NKp80 or NKG2D surface expression. Furthermore, the degranulation capacity of dNK cells, as assessed by CD107a, was decreased in the second trimester. We suggest that in the first trimester, trophoblast-dNK interactions generate a population of dNK cells with a suppressed activating phenotype. In the second trimester, the loss of trophoblast-dNK interactions led to the inhibition of dNK cell function, although their activating receptor expression was increased. We speculate that during pregnancy, two mechanisms operate to modulate the dNK cell activation:suppression of activating receptor levels in the first trimester by trophoblasts and disengagement of receptor-ligand coupling in the second trimester.展开更多
The preconditioned iterative solvers for solving Sylvester tensor equations are considered in this paper.By fully exploiting the structure of the tensor equation,we propose a projection method based on the tensor form...The preconditioned iterative solvers for solving Sylvester tensor equations are considered in this paper.By fully exploiting the structure of the tensor equation,we propose a projection method based on the tensor format,which needs less flops and storage than the standard projection method.The structure of the coefficient matrices of the tensor equation is used to design the nearest Kronecker product(NKP) preconditioner,which is easy to construct and is able to accelerate the convergence of the iterative solver.Numerical experiments are presented to show good performance of the approaches.展开更多
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a new drug used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here, we examined the effects of DMF and the DMF metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) on various activities of natural killer...Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a new drug used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here, we examined the effects of DMF and the DMF metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) on various activities of natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrated that MMF augments the primary CD56^+, but not CD56^-, NK cell lysis of K562 and RAJI tumor cells. MMF induced NKp46 expression on the surface of CD56^+, but not CD56^-, NK cells after incubation for 24 h. This effect was closely correlated with the upregulation of CD107a expression on the surface of CD56+ NK cells and the induction of Granzyme B release from these cells through this metabolite. An anti-NKp46 antibody inhibited the MMF-induced upregulation of CD107a and the lysis of tumor cells through CD56^+ NK cells. Thus, these results are the first to show that MMF augments CD56^+ NK cell lysis of tumor target cells, an effect mediated through NKp46. This novel effect suggests the use of MMF for therapeutic and/or preventive protocols in cancer.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11605102,11475052,11675055,and 11626140)
文摘The N = 1 supersymmetric extensions of two integrable systems,a special negative Kadomtsev–Petviashvili(NKP)system and a(2+1)-dimensional modified Korteweg–de Vries(MKd V) system,are constructed from the Hirota formalism in the superspace.The integrability of both systems in the sense of possessing infinitely many generalized symmetries are confirmed by extending the formal series symmetry approach to the supersymmetric framework.It is found that both systems admit a generalization of W∞type algebra and a Kac-Moody–Virasoro type subalgebra.Interestingly,the first one of the positive flow of the supersymmetric NKP system is another N = 1 supersymmetric extension of the(2+1)-dimensional MKd V system.Based on our work,a hypothesis is put forward on a series of(2+1)-dimensional supersymmetric integrable systems.It is hoped that our work may develop a straightforward way to obtain supersymmetric integrable systems in high dimensions.
文摘Decidual natural killer (dNK) cells express an array of activation receptors to regulate placental immunity and development during early pregnancy. We investigated the functional character of human dNK cells during the first and second trimester of gestation and the interaction between dNK and trophoblast cells. Although the frequency of CD56+CD16-dNK among the total CD45+ leukocytes did not change over this period, the expression of the activating receptors, NKp80 and NKG2D, was greatly upregulated. We observed a significantly higher number of extravillous trophoblast cells in proximity to the dNK cells in the first trimester in comparison with the second trimester decidua. NKG2D expression by first trimester dNK cells was decreased when co-cultured with the HTR-8 trophoblast cell line. In the second trimester, functional markers of dNK activation, i.e., angiogenic factor production (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, interferon-gamma), remained stable despite an increase in NKp80 or NKG2D surface expression. Furthermore, the degranulation capacity of dNK cells, as assessed by CD107a, was decreased in the second trimester. We suggest that in the first trimester, trophoblast-dNK interactions generate a population of dNK cells with a suppressed activating phenotype. In the second trimester, the loss of trophoblast-dNK interactions led to the inhibition of dNK cell function, although their activating receptor expression was increased. We speculate that during pregnancy, two mechanisms operate to modulate the dNK cell activation:suppression of activating receptor levels in the first trimester by trophoblasts and disengagement of receptor-ligand coupling in the second trimester.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10961010)Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (Grant No. LKS[2009]03)
文摘The preconditioned iterative solvers for solving Sylvester tensor equations are considered in this paper.By fully exploiting the structure of the tensor equation,we propose a projection method based on the tensor format,which needs less flops and storage than the standard projection method.The structure of the coefficient matrices of the tensor equation is used to design the nearest Kronecker product(NKP) preconditioner,which is easy to construct and is able to accelerate the convergence of the iterative solver.Numerical experiments are presented to show good performance of the approaches.
文摘Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a new drug used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here, we examined the effects of DMF and the DMF metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) on various activities of natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrated that MMF augments the primary CD56^+, but not CD56^-, NK cell lysis of K562 and RAJI tumor cells. MMF induced NKp46 expression on the surface of CD56^+, but not CD56^-, NK cells after incubation for 24 h. This effect was closely correlated with the upregulation of CD107a expression on the surface of CD56+ NK cells and the induction of Granzyme B release from these cells through this metabolite. An anti-NKp46 antibody inhibited the MMF-induced upregulation of CD107a and the lysis of tumor cells through CD56^+ NK cells. Thus, these results are the first to show that MMF augments CD56^+ NK cell lysis of tumor target cells, an effect mediated through NKp46. This novel effect suggests the use of MMF for therapeutic and/or preventive protocols in cancer.