The upland agricultural soils in North China are distributed north of a line between the Kunlun Mountains, the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River. They occur in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions and crop prod...The upland agricultural soils in North China are distributed north of a line between the Kunlun Mountains, the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River. They occur in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions and crop production often depends on rain-fed or irrigation to supplement rainfall. This paper summarizes the characteristics of gross nitrogen（N） transformation, the fate of N fertilizer and soil N as well as the N loss pathway, and makes suggestions for proper N management in the region. The soils of the region are characterized by strong N mineralization and nitrification, and weak immobilization and denitrification ability, which lead to the production and accumulation of nitrate in the soil profile. Large amounts of accumulated nitrate have been observed in the vadose-zone in soils due to excess N fertilization in the past three decades, and this nitrate is subject to occasional leaching which leads to groundwater nitrate contamination. Under farmer＇s conventional high N fertilization practice in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system（N application rate was approximately 600 kg ha–1 yr–1）, crop N uptake, soil residual N, NH_3 volatilization, NO_3~– leaching, and denitrification loss accounted for around 27, 30, 23, 18 and 2% of the applied fertilizer N, respectively. NH_3 volatilization and NO_3~– leaching were the most important N loss pathways while soil residual N was an important fate of N fertilizer for replenishing soil N depletion from crop production. The upland agricultural soils in North China are a large source of N_2O and total emissions in this region make up a large proportion（approximately 54%） of Chinese cropland N_2O emissions. The “non-coupled strong ammonia oxidation” process is an important mechanism of N_2O production. Slowing down ammonia oxidation after ammonium-N fertilizer or urea application and avoiding transient high soil NH4＋ concentrations are key measures for reducing N_2O emissions in this region. Further N management should aim to minimize N展开更多
以河北省永清县设施茄子为研究对象,通过田间原位方法,设置不施氮(T0)、传统施氮(CK,纯氮557.70 kg hm-)2、优化施氮1(T1,传统施氮量水平下减少20%)、优化施氮1+NP(T2,NP为硝化抑制剂)和优化施氮2(T3,传统施氮量水平下减少30%)5个处理,...以河北省永清县设施茄子为研究对象,通过田间原位方法,设置不施氮(T0)、传统施氮(CK,纯氮557.70 kg hm-)2、优化施氮1(T1,传统施氮量水平下减少20%)、优化施氮1+NP(T2,NP为硝化抑制剂)和优化施氮2(T3,传统施氮量水平下减少30%)5个处理,研究不同施氮模式对设施茄子产量、果实品质及氮素气态损失(N2O、NH)3的影响。结果表明,T0处理茄子产量为6.39 t hm^-2,显著低于CK、T1和T2,但与T3差异不显著;T1和T2的茄子产量分别为11.01 t hm^-2和11.89 t hm^-2,与CK差异不显著,但产量呈现增加趋势;品质指标均未呈现显著差异;各处理N2O的排放速率均在施肥后1-2天出现高峰,基肥的排放高峰高于追肥,且随施氮量的减少而降低;除T0外,T2处理土壤N2O-N累积排放量最低,为2.82 kg hm^-2;T0、CK、T1、T2和T3的土壤NH3-N挥发损失量分别为2.15、8.25、6.92、7.96、6.47 kg hm^-2;CK、T1、T2和T3处理的氮素利用率分别为23.54%、25.57%、29.14和20.63%,未达显著水平。因此,在传统生产中减氮20%,并添加NP的施氮模式,既能稳产保质,又能降低N2O排放,对设施农田的减排增效与生态环境改善起到积极作用。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41471190)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0800102)+2 种基金the Special Fund for the Agricultural Public Welfare Profession of China (201503106)the Newton Fund, United Kingdom (BB/N013484/1)the GEF on the ‘Towards INMS’
文摘The upland agricultural soils in North China are distributed north of a line between the Kunlun Mountains, the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River. They occur in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions and crop production often depends on rain-fed or irrigation to supplement rainfall. This paper summarizes the characteristics of gross nitrogen（N） transformation, the fate of N fertilizer and soil N as well as the N loss pathway, and makes suggestions for proper N management in the region. The soils of the region are characterized by strong N mineralization and nitrification, and weak immobilization and denitrification ability, which lead to the production and accumulation of nitrate in the soil profile. Large amounts of accumulated nitrate have been observed in the vadose-zone in soils due to excess N fertilization in the past three decades, and this nitrate is subject to occasional leaching which leads to groundwater nitrate contamination. Under farmer＇s conventional high N fertilization practice in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system（N application rate was approximately 600 kg ha–1 yr–1）, crop N uptake, soil residual N, NH_3 volatilization, NO_3~– leaching, and denitrification loss accounted for around 27, 30, 23, 18 and 2% of the applied fertilizer N, respectively. NH_3 volatilization and NO_3~– leaching were the most important N loss pathways while soil residual N was an important fate of N fertilizer for replenishing soil N depletion from crop production. The upland agricultural soils in North China are a large source of N_2O and total emissions in this region make up a large proportion（approximately 54%） of Chinese cropland N_2O emissions. The “non-coupled strong ammonia oxidation” process is an important mechanism of N_2O production. Slowing down ammonia oxidation after ammonium-N fertilizer or urea application and avoiding transient high soil NH4＋ concentrations are key measures for reducing N_2O emissions in this region. Further N management should aim to minimize N
文摘以河北省永清县设施茄子为研究对象,通过田间原位方法,设置不施氮(T0)、传统施氮(CK,纯氮557.70 kg hm-)2、优化施氮1(T1,传统施氮量水平下减少20%)、优化施氮1+NP(T2,NP为硝化抑制剂)和优化施氮2(T3,传统施氮量水平下减少30%)5个处理,研究不同施氮模式对设施茄子产量、果实品质及氮素气态损失(N2O、NH)3的影响。结果表明,T0处理茄子产量为6.39 t hm^-2,显著低于CK、T1和T2,但与T3差异不显著;T1和T2的茄子产量分别为11.01 t hm^-2和11.89 t hm^-2,与CK差异不显著,但产量呈现增加趋势;品质指标均未呈现显著差异;各处理N2O的排放速率均在施肥后1-2天出现高峰,基肥的排放高峰高于追肥,且随施氮量的减少而降低;除T0外,T2处理土壤N2O-N累积排放量最低,为2.82 kg hm^-2;T0、CK、T1、T2和T3的土壤NH3-N挥发损失量分别为2.15、8.25、6.92、7.96、6.47 kg hm^-2;CK、T1、T2和T3处理的氮素利用率分别为23.54%、25.57%、29.14和20.63%,未达显著水平。因此,在传统生产中减氮20%,并添加NP的施氮模式,既能稳产保质,又能降低N2O排放,对设施农田的减排增效与生态环境改善起到积极作用。
