Australian funnel-web spiders are arguably the most venomous spiders in the world,with much research focusing on this aspect of their biology.However,other aspects related to their life history,ecology and behaviour h...Australian funnel-web spiders are arguably the most venomous spiders in the world,with much research focusing on this aspect of their biology.However,other aspects related to their life history,ecology and behaviour have been overlooked.For the first time,we assessed repeatability.namely risk-taking behaviour,aggressiveness and activity in the contexts of predation,conspecific tolerance and exploration of a new territory in four species of Australian funnel-web spiders:two are closely related,Hadronyche valida and H.infensa,and two have overlapping distributions but occupy different habitats,H.cerberea and Atrax robustus.We also compared behaviors between species.At the species level,we found that H.valida showed consistency in risk-taking behavior when exposed to a predator stimulus,aggressiveness against conspecifics,and exploration of a new territory.In contrast,in the other species,only A.robustus showed repeatability in the context of exploration of a new territory.These results suggest that some behavioral traits are likely more flexible than others,and that the repeatability of behaviors may be species-specific in funnel-webs.When we compared species,we found differences in risk-taking behavior and defensiveness.This study provides novel insights to understanding variation in behavioral traits within and between species of funnel-web spiders,suggesting that some behavioral traits are likely context and/or species dependent,as a result of their evolutionary history.These findings provide key insights for understanding the ecological role of behavior and venom deployment in venomous animals,and a greater understanding of behavior in these medically significant and iconic spiders thatareof conservation concern.展开更多
文摘Australian funnel-web spiders are arguably the most venomous spiders in the world,with much research focusing on this aspect of their biology.However,other aspects related to their life history,ecology and behaviour have been overlooked.For the first time,we assessed repeatability.namely risk-taking behaviour,aggressiveness and activity in the contexts of predation,conspecific tolerance and exploration of a new territory in four species of Australian funnel-web spiders:two are closely related,Hadronyche valida and H.infensa,and two have overlapping distributions but occupy different habitats,H.cerberea and Atrax robustus.We also compared behaviors between species.At the species level,we found that H.valida showed consistency in risk-taking behavior when exposed to a predator stimulus,aggressiveness against conspecifics,and exploration of a new territory.In contrast,in the other species,only A.robustus showed repeatability in the context of exploration of a new territory.These results suggest that some behavioral traits are likely more flexible than others,and that the repeatability of behaviors may be species-specific in funnel-webs.When we compared species,we found differences in risk-taking behavior and defensiveness.This study provides novel insights to understanding variation in behavioral traits within and between species of funnel-web spiders,suggesting that some behavioral traits are likely context and/or species dependent,as a result of their evolutionary history.These findings provide key insights for understanding the ecological role of behavior and venom deployment in venomous animals,and a greater understanding of behavior in these medically significant and iconic spiders thatareof conservation concern.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31060070),Project on Key Project on Applied Basic Research of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2016FA012)and Applied Basic Research of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2009CD092).
基金This work was supported by the grants fi：om the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China （NSFC-31572276 and NS FC-31601850）, the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation （2017JJ3202） and the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 1 grant （R-154-000-A52-114）
