The development of spatial interactions of land resources enhances virtual built-up land flow,which contributes to China's inter-regional trade inequality.Little is known about the degree of inequality among regio...The development of spatial interactions of land resources enhances virtual built-up land flow,which contributes to China's inter-regional trade inequality.Little is known about the degree of inequality among regions.This work seeks to estimate the degree of inter-regional trade inequality through environmental-economic benefits.We combined a multiregional input-output model at the city level with a new classification to calculate the virtual built-up land flow among cities and analyzed its implications for the regional economy and carbon balance.The results indicate that developed regions were the main beneficiaries of inter-regional trade,as reflected in land-use efficiency.China's economic hub has been progressively shifting southward,and the inter-regional trade inequality has continuously increased.The flow of virtual service industry land among developed regions rose,while underdeveloped regions remained suppliers of raw materials,further increasing inter-regional trade inequality.展开更多
In an open economy,embodied carbon dioxide emissions in international trade should be taken into consideration to scientifically define each country's emissions responsibility.In this study,a multiregional input-o...In an open economy,embodied carbon dioxide emissions in international trade should be taken into consideration to scientifically define each country's emissions responsibility.In this study,a multiregional input-output model is constructed to calculate the embodied carbon dioxide emissions of 25 World Trade Organization members,including China,according to the producer-consumer shared responsibility principle.The study indicates that:it is fairer and more efficient to identify each country's carbon dioxide emissions responsibility according to the shared responsibility principle;China's producer responsibility is 1.4 times that of the USA,while China's consumer responsibility is only one-tenth that of the USA;according to the producer responsibility principle,China shoulders the greatest responsibility.According to the producerconsumer shared responsibility principle,China's responsibility shows a large decrease.Resource endowment,economic development stage,and trade structure account for the abovementioned changes in China's emissions responsibility.展开更多
Objective:This report presents an overview on the progress of clinical trials in Indonesia based on database assessment from clinical trial registries.Methods:Study records that were registered up to December 26,2018,...Objective:This report presents an overview on the progress of clinical trials in Indonesia based on database assessment from clinical trial registries.Methods:Study records that were registered up to December 26,2018,were extracted from three clinical trial registries(ClinicalTrials.gov,ISRCTN registry,and EudraCT)and a clinical trial register(WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform(ICTRP))with the keyword“Indonesia”.A total of 505 records comprised of 402 interventional studies and 103 observational studies were found and analyzed.Results:The top five noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)studied were cancers,diabetes,cardiac diseases,hypertension,and gastrointestinal diseases,while the top five infectious diseases(IDs)were malaria,tuberculosis,vaccines for IDs,HIV,and dengue.Remarkably,the proportion of regional studies(within Indonesia only)was higher than that of multiregional studies(including areas outside of Indonesia)in general.This trend became most apparent after the issuance of national regulations on Material Transfer Agreements(MTA)and other rules.Upon closer scrutiny,regional clinical trials and multiregional clinical trials(MRCTs)in Indonesia differed in terms of sponsorship,target population and size,interventions,and study phases.Conclusions:The total number of clinical trials in Indonesia is increasing and is mainly attributed to the growing number of regional clinical trials sponsored from within the country.Interrelated factors have shaped the characteristics of these as compared to the dwindling number of MRCTs.Establishment of a national level of management is an option that can better facilitate both MRCTs as well as regional clinical trials,to better address the national health issues,and to cope with the regulations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41871179)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant(No.2024M751047).
文摘The development of spatial interactions of land resources enhances virtual built-up land flow,which contributes to China's inter-regional trade inequality.Little is known about the degree of inequality among regions.This work seeks to estimate the degree of inter-regional trade inequality through environmental-economic benefits.We combined a multiregional input-output model at the city level with a new classification to calculate the virtual built-up land flow among cities and analyzed its implications for the regional economy and carbon balance.The results indicate that developed regions were the main beneficiaries of inter-regional trade,as reflected in land-use efficiency.China's economic hub has been progressively shifting southward,and the inter-regional trade inequality has continuously increased.The flow of virtual service industry land among developed regions rose,while underdeveloped regions remained suppliers of raw materials,further increasing inter-regional trade inequality.
文摘In an open economy,embodied carbon dioxide emissions in international trade should be taken into consideration to scientifically define each country's emissions responsibility.In this study,a multiregional input-output model is constructed to calculate the embodied carbon dioxide emissions of 25 World Trade Organization members,including China,according to the producer-consumer shared responsibility principle.The study indicates that:it is fairer and more efficient to identify each country's carbon dioxide emissions responsibility according to the shared responsibility principle;China's producer responsibility is 1.4 times that of the USA,while China's consumer responsibility is only one-tenth that of the USA;according to the producer responsibility principle,China shoulders the greatest responsibility.According to the producerconsumer shared responsibility principle,China's responsibility shows a large decrease.Resource endowment,economic development stage,and trade structure account for the abovementioned changes in China's emissions responsibility.
文摘Objective:This report presents an overview on the progress of clinical trials in Indonesia based on database assessment from clinical trial registries.Methods:Study records that were registered up to December 26,2018,were extracted from three clinical trial registries(ClinicalTrials.gov,ISRCTN registry,and EudraCT)and a clinical trial register(WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform(ICTRP))with the keyword“Indonesia”.A total of 505 records comprised of 402 interventional studies and 103 observational studies were found and analyzed.Results:The top five noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)studied were cancers,diabetes,cardiac diseases,hypertension,and gastrointestinal diseases,while the top five infectious diseases(IDs)were malaria,tuberculosis,vaccines for IDs,HIV,and dengue.Remarkably,the proportion of regional studies(within Indonesia only)was higher than that of multiregional studies(including areas outside of Indonesia)in general.This trend became most apparent after the issuance of national regulations on Material Transfer Agreements(MTA)and other rules.Upon closer scrutiny,regional clinical trials and multiregional clinical trials(MRCTs)in Indonesia differed in terms of sponsorship,target population and size,interventions,and study phases.Conclusions:The total number of clinical trials in Indonesia is increasing and is mainly attributed to the growing number of regional clinical trials sponsored from within the country.Interrelated factors have shaped the characteristics of these as compared to the dwindling number of MRCTs.Establishment of a national level of management is an option that can better facilitate both MRCTs as well as regional clinical trials,to better address the national health issues,and to cope with the regulations.
