Background:The optimal time to save a person who has had a sudden cardiac arrest is within the first few minutes of the incident.Early compression and early defibrillation should be performed at this time.Timeliness i...Background:The optimal time to save a person who has had a sudden cardiac arrest is within the first few minutes of the incident.Early compression and early defibrillation should be performed at this time.Timeliness is the key to successful CPR; as such,Prof.He proposed the 'platinum 10 min' system to study early CPR issues.This paper systematically evaluates the success rates of heartbeat restoration within the 'platinum 10min' among patients suffering from sudden cardiac arrest.Methods:The clinical data of outpatients suffering from a cardiac arrest were retrieved from the China Knowledge Network(January 1975-January 2015),the Chongqing VIP database(January 1989-January 2015),and the Wanfang database(January 1990-January 2015).The success of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) performed at different times after the patients had cardiac arrests was analyzed.Two researchers screened the literature and extracted the data independently.A meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0.A total of 57 papers met the inclusion criteria,including 29,269 patients.Of these patients,1,776 had their heartbeats successfully restored.The results showed high heterogeneity(χ~2=3428.85,P<0.01,I2=98.4%).The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model.The combined effect size was 0.171(0.144-0.199).Results:1) The success rate of heartbeat restoration did not differ among the four emergency treatment methods that patients received:the methods described in the 2000 Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,that described in the 2005 version,2010 version,and another CPR method.2) The patients were divided into five groups based on the time when CPR was performed:the ?1min group,the 1-5min group,the 5-10 min group,the 10-15 min group and the >15min group.The CPR success rates of these five groups were 0.247(0.15-0.344),0.353(0.250-0.456),0.136(0.109-0.163),0.058(0.041-0.075),and 0.011(0.004-0.019),respectively.The CPR success rates did not differ between the patients in the ?1min group and the 1-5min group.Thi展开更多
Bloodletting at Jing points has been used to treat coma in traditional Chinese medicine. Mild induced hypothermia has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects. However, the therapeutic effects of bloodletting a...Bloodletting at Jing points has been used to treat coma in traditional Chinese medicine. Mild induced hypothermia has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects. However, the therapeutic effects of bloodletting at Jing points and mild induced hypothermia alone are limited. Therefore, we investigated whether combined treatment might have clinical effectiveness for the treatment of acute severe traumatic brain injury. Using a rat model of traumatic brain injury, combined treatment substantially alleviated cerebral edema and bloodbrain barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, neurological function was ameliorated, and cellular necrosis and the inflammatory response were lessened. These findings suggest that the combined effects of bloodletting at Jing points（20 μL, twice a day, for 2 days） and mild induced hypothermia（6 hours） are better than their individual effects alone. Their combined application may have marked neuroprotective effects in the clinical treatment of acute severe traumatic brain injury.展开更多
Inflammation after stroke is the main cause of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cascading events after injury can lead to cell death. Heat shock protein 70 and other endogenous injury-signaling molecules are rele...Inflammation after stroke is the main cause of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cascading events after injury can lead to cell death. Heat shock protein 70 and other endogenous injury-signaling molecules are released by damaged cells, which can lead to systemic stress reactions. Protecting the brain through repair begins with the stress-injury-repair signaling chain. This study aimed to verify whether acupuncture acts through this chain to facilitate effective treatment of ischemic stroke. Rat models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by Zea Longa＇s method, and injury sites were identified by assessing neurological function, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Electroacupuncture at acupoints Baihui（DU20） and Zusanli（ST36） was performed in the model rats with dilatational waves, delivered for 20 minutes a day at 2–100 Hz and an amplitude of 2 m A. We analyzed the blood serum from the rats and found that inflammatory cytokines affected the levels of adrenotrophin and heat shock protein 70, each of which followed a similar bimodal curve. Specifically, electroacupuncture lowered the peak levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and heat shock protein 70. Thus, electroacupuncture was able to inhibit excessive stress, reduce inflammation, and promote the repair of neurons, which facilitated healing of ischemic stroke.展开更多
Electroacupuncture at the head acupoints Baihui（GV20） and Shuigou（GV26） improves recovery of neurological function following ischemic cerebrovascular events,but its mechanism remains incompletely understood.We hyp...Electroacupuncture at the head acupoints Baihui（GV20） and Shuigou（GV26） improves recovery of neurological function following ischemic cerebrovascular events,but its mechanism remains incompletely understood.We hypothesized that the action of electroacupuncture at these acupoints is associated with elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor beta 1（TGF-β1）.To test this,we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion.Electroacupuncture was performed at Baihui and Shuigou with a “dispersedense” wave at an alternating frequency of 2 and 150 Hz,and at a constant intensity of 3 m A.Each electroacupuncture session lasted 30 minutes and was performed every 12 hours for 3 days.Neurological severity scores were lower in injured rats after acupuncture than in those not subjected to treatment.Furthermore,serum level of TGF-β1 was greater after electroacupuncture than after no treatment.Our results indicate that electroacupuncture at Baihui and Shuigou increases the serum level of TGF-β1 in rats with acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,and exerts neuroprotective effects.展开更多
Electrical stimulation of the median nerve is a noninvasive technique that facilitates awakening from coma. In rats with traumatic brain injury-induced coma, median nerve stimulation markedly enhances prefrontal corte...Electrical stimulation of the median nerve is a noninvasive technique that facilitates awakening from coma. In rats with traumatic brain injury-induced coma, median nerve stimulation markedly enhances prefrontal cortex expression of orexin-A and its receptor, orexin receptor 1. To further understand the mechanism underlying wakefulness mediated by electrical stimulation of the median nerve, we evaluated its effects on the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 in the prefrontal cortex in rat models of traumatic brain injury-induced coma, using immunohistochemistry and western blot assays. In rats with traumatic brain injury, NR1 expression increased with time after injury. Rats that underwent electrical stimulation of the median nerve（30 Hz, 0.5 ms, 1.0 m A for 15 minutes） showed elevated NR1 expression and greater recovery of consciousness than those without stimulation. These effects were reduced by intracerebroventricular injection of the orexin receptor 1 antagonist SB334867. Our results indicate that electrical stimulation of the median nerve promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury-induced coma by increasing prefrontal cortex NR1 expression via an orexin-A-mediated pathway.展开更多
Stimulation at specific acupoints can activate cortical regions in human subjects.Previous studies have mainly focused on a single brain region.However,the brain is a network and many brain regions participate in the ...Stimulation at specific acupoints can activate cortical regions in human subjects.Previous studies have mainly focused on a single brain region.However,the brain is a network and many brain regions participate in the same task.The study of a single brain region alone cannot clearly explain any brain-related issues.Therefore,for the present study,magnetic stimulation was used to stimulate the Neiguan（PC6） acupoint,and 32-channel electroencephalography data were recorded before and after stimulation.Brain functional networks were constructed based on electroencephalography data to determine the relationship between magnetic stimulation at the PC6 acupoint and cortical excitability.Results indicated that magnetic stimulation at the PC6 acupoint increased connections between cerebral cortex regions.展开更多
Excess activation and expression of large-conductance Ca^2＋-activated K^＋ channels（BKCa channels） may be an important mechanism for delayed neuronal death after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Electroacupunc...Excess activation and expression of large-conductance Ca^2＋-activated K^＋ channels（BKCa channels） may be an important mechanism for delayed neuronal death after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Electroacupuncture can regulate BKCa channels after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Model rats received electroacupuncture of 1 m A and 2 Hz at Shuigou（GV26） for 10 minutes, once every 12 hours for a total of six times in 72 hours. We found that in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury rats, ischemic changes in the cerebral cortex were mitigated after electroacupuncture. Moreover, BKCa channel protein and m RNA expression were reduced in the cerebral cortex and neurological function noticeably improved. These changes did not occur after electroacupuncture at a non-acupoint（5 mm lateral to the left side of Shuigou）. Thus, our findings indicate that electroacupuncture at Shuigou improves neurological function in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and may be associated with down-regulation of BKCa channel protein and m RNA expression. Additionally, our results suggest that the Shuigou acupoint has functional specificity.展开更多
Deferoxamine, a clinically safe drug used for treating iron overload, also repairs spinal cord injury although the mechanism for this action remains unknown. Here, we determined whether deferoxamine was therapeutic in...Deferoxamine, a clinically safe drug used for treating iron overload, also repairs spinal cord injury although the mechanism for this action remains unknown. Here, we determined whether deferoxamine was therapeutic in a rat model of spinal cord injury and explored potential mechanisms for this effect. Spinal cord injury was induced by impacting the spinal cord at the thoracic T10 vertebra level. One group of injured rats received deferoxamine, a second injured group received saline, and a third group was sham operated. Both 2 days and 2 weeks after spinal cord injury, total iron ion levels and protein expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 in the spinal cords of the injured deferoxamine-treated rats were significantly lower than those in the injured saline-treated group. The percentage of the area positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d UTP nick end labeling-positive cells were also significantly decreased both 2 days and 2 weeks post injury, while the number of Neu N-positive cells and the percentage of the area positive for the oligodendrocyte marker CNPase were increased in the injured deferoxamine-treated rats. At 14–56 days post injury, hind limb motor function in the deferoxamine-treated rats was superior to that in the saline-treated rats. These results suggest that deferoxamine decreases total iron ion, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and caspase-3 expression levels after spinal cord injury and inhibits apoptosis and glial scar formation to promote motor function recovery.展开更多
The adipocytokine,apelin-13,is an abundantly expressed peptide in the nervous system.Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury and attenuates traumatic brain injury by suppressing autophagy.Howe...The adipocytokine,apelin-13,is an abundantly expressed peptide in the nervous system.Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury and attenuates traumatic brain injury by suppressing autophagy.However,secondary apelin-13 effects on traumatic brain injury-induced neural cell death and blood-brain barrier integrity are still not clear.Here,we found that apelin-13 significantly decreases cerebral water content,mitigates blood-brain barrier destruction,reduces aquaporin-4 expression,diminishes caspase-3 and Bax expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus,and reduces apoptosis.These results show that apelin-13 attenuates secondary injury after traumatic brain injury and exerts a neuroprotective effect.展开更多
Adelaide schoolgirl Tilly Williams has broken a world distance running record,beating other girls who were eight years older than her to run 5000 meters in just 17 minutes and 22.7 seconds.The 11-year-old girl beat th...Adelaide schoolgirl Tilly Williams has broken a world distance running record,beating other girls who were eight years older than her to run 5000 meters in just 17 minutes and 22.7 seconds.The 11-year-old girl beat the previous record by 19 seconds,making her the fastest distance runner under the age of 19 across 60 countries.展开更多
I'm going to go out for a while.When willdinner be ready?我要出去一会儿。晚饭什么时候好?It won't be long.Dinner will beready in ten minutes.Can't you go out after eating?很快就好。再等十分钟就可以吃了。吃...I'm going to go out for a while.When willdinner be ready?我要出去一会儿。晚饭什么时候好?It won't be long.Dinner will beready in ten minutes.Can't you go out after eating?很快就好。再等十分钟就可以吃了。吃完饭再出去吧?展开更多
Two dozen people gathered in the back of Cream&Amber,a caféand bookstore in Hopkins,Minnesota,chatting and laughing with the people sitting beside them.Then,1o minutes in,the room fell quiet,and people opened...Two dozen people gathered in the back of Cream&Amber,a caféand bookstore in Hopkins,Minnesota,chatting and laughing with the people sitting beside them.Then,1o minutes in,the room fell quiet,and people opened their books:pristine hardcovers and dogeared softcovers and a single e-reader,with different covers and authors and genres.展开更多
Thoracoabdominal aortic replacement,necessary in case of injuries,aneurysms and dissections,shows a high complication rate as a consequence of the perioperative ischemia/reperfusion-sequence（I/R）.Clamping above and ...Thoracoabdominal aortic replacement,necessary in case of injuries,aneurysms and dissections,shows a high complication rate as a consequence of the perioperative ischemia/reperfusion-sequence（I/R）.Clamping above and below the lesion leads to the spinal cord suffering from ischemia.Clamping times of less than 30 minutes show only a small risk of neurological deficit,展开更多
In the mammalian central nervous system（CNS）coupling of neurons by gap junctions and the expression of neuronal gap junction protein,connexin 36（Cx36）rapidly increases（usually during 1–2 hours）following a wide ...In the mammalian central nervous system（CNS）coupling of neurons by gap junctions and the expression of neuronal gap junction protein,connexin 36（Cx36）rapidly increases（usually during 1–2 hours）following a wide range of neuronal injuries,including ischemia,traumatic brain injury（TBI）,spinal cord injury and epilepsy（reviewed in Belousov and Fontes,2013）.Pharmacological blockade or genetic elimi-nation of Cx36-containing gap junctions dramatically re- duce neuronal death in animal models of ischemia, TBI and epilepsy and prevent NMDA receptor （NMDAR）-mediated excitotoxicity （Belousov and Fontes, 2014）.展开更多
Heat shock protein 70（HSP70） maintains Ca^2＋ homeostasis in PC12 cells,which may protect against apoptosis;however,the mechanisms of neuroprotection are unclear.Therefore,in this study,we examined Ca^2＋ levels in ...Heat shock protein 70（HSP70） maintains Ca^2＋ homeostasis in PC12 cells,which may protect against apoptosis;however,the mechanisms of neuroprotection are unclear.Therefore,in this study,we examined Ca^2＋ levels in PC12 cells transfected with an exogenous lentiviral HSP70 gene expression construct,and we subsequently subjected the cells to ischemia-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.HSP70 overexpression increased neuronal viability and ATPase activity,and it decreased cellular reactive oxygen species levels and intracellular Ca^2＋ concentration after hypoxia/reoxygenation.HSP70 overexpression enhanced the protein and m RNA expression levels of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2＋-ATPase（SERCA）,but it decreased the protein and m RNA levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor（IP3R）,thereby leading to decreased intracellular Ca^2＋concentration after ischemia-hypoxia/reoxygenation.These results suggest that exogenous HSP70 protects against ischemia-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury,at least in part,by maintaining cellular Ca^2＋ homeostasis,by upregulating SERCA expression and by downregulating IP_3 R expression.展开更多
Previous studies of animal models of chronic mechanical compression of the spinal cord have mainly focused on cervical and thoracic lesions, but few studies have investigated thoracolumbar injury. The specific pathoph...Previous studies of animal models of chronic mechanical compression of the spinal cord have mainly focused on cervical and thoracic lesions, but few studies have investigated thoracolumbar injury. The specific pathophysiological mechanism of chronic thoracolumbar cord injury has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to improve animal models of chronic thoracolumbar cord compression using the progressive screw. A custom-designed flat plastic screw was implanted in the spinal cord between thoracic vertebrae 12 and lumbar 1 of rats. The screw was tightened one complete turn（0.5 mm） every 7 days for 4 weeks to create different levels of chronic spinal cord compression. Following insertion of the screw, there was a significant decline in motor function of the hind limbs, and severe stenosis of micro-computed tomography parameters in the spinal cord. Cortical somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes were reduced remarkably, and latencies were prolonged at 30 minutes after surgery. The loss of motor neurons in the gray matter was marked. Demyelination and cavitation were observed in the white matter. An appropriate rat model of chronic thoracolumbar cord compression was successfully created using the progressive screw compression method, which simulated spinal cord compression injury.展开更多
Sensory inputs stimulated by Zusanli（ST36） acupuncture in the abdomen are known to converge in the upper cervical cord. However, it is unclear whether these inputs are subsequently conveyed to the hypothalamic parav...Sensory inputs stimulated by Zusanli（ST36） acupuncture in the abdomen are known to converge in the upper cervical cord. However, it is unclear whether these inputs are subsequently conveyed to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and what kind of afferent fibers are involved. We focused on the upper cervical cord, where afferent inputs converge, and detected c-fos expression in oxytocinergic neurons. We found that Zusanli acupuncture therapy effectively elevated intragastric pressure, but inhibited expression of c-fos in oxytocinergic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus in upper cervical cord injured rats. These Zusanli acupuncture effects remained even after complete dorsal cord transection. However, after complete transection of the spinal cord or dorsolateral funiculus, the effects were significantly attenuated and even disappeared. These findings suggest that the paraventricular nucleus is responsible for pooling and integrating signals from the Zusanli acupuncture and sensory information from the intragastric pressure variation, thereby contributing to the regulation of intragastric pressure. The upper cervical cord serves as the key link between ascending and descending pathways, which conveys afferent inputs to the paraventricular nucleus through the dorsolateral funiculus.展开更多
"What amess!Tom,cleanup your room and get thingsready for school.You've gotonly 10 minutes! Hurry up!"Can youhelp Tom findout the school things in the picture?Colour them.
Missing the Plane Early one morning a man called for a taxi to take him to the airport,which was a long way from the highway.He patiently waited for about thirty minutes,and called the taxi company to say that the car...Missing the Plane Early one morning a man called for a taxi to take him to the airport,which was a long way from the highway.He patiently waited for about thirty minutes,and called the taxi company to say that the car had not arrived.The staff said that it was on the way.However,several minutes later,he was still waiting.展开更多
文摘Background:The optimal time to save a person who has had a sudden cardiac arrest is within the first few minutes of the incident.Early compression and early defibrillation should be performed at this time.Timeliness is the key to successful CPR; as such,Prof.He proposed the 'platinum 10 min' system to study early CPR issues.This paper systematically evaluates the success rates of heartbeat restoration within the 'platinum 10min' among patients suffering from sudden cardiac arrest.Methods:The clinical data of outpatients suffering from a cardiac arrest were retrieved from the China Knowledge Network(January 1975-January 2015),the Chongqing VIP database(January 1989-January 2015),and the Wanfang database(January 1990-January 2015).The success of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) performed at different times after the patients had cardiac arrests was analyzed.Two researchers screened the literature and extracted the data independently.A meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0.A total of 57 papers met the inclusion criteria,including 29,269 patients.Of these patients,1,776 had their heartbeats successfully restored.The results showed high heterogeneity(χ~2=3428.85,P<0.01,I2=98.4%).The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model.The combined effect size was 0.171(0.144-0.199).Results:1) The success rate of heartbeat restoration did not differ among the four emergency treatment methods that patients received:the methods described in the 2000 Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,that described in the 2005 version,2010 version,and another CPR method.2) The patients were divided into five groups based on the time when CPR was performed:the ?1min group,the 1-5min group,the 5-10 min group,the 10-15 min group and the >15min group.The CPR success rates of these five groups were 0.247(0.15-0.344),0.353(0.250-0.456),0.136(0.109-0.163),0.058(0.041-0.075),and 0.011(0.004-0.019),respectively.The CPR success rates did not differ between the patients in the ?1min group and the 1-5min group.Thi
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31200809
文摘Bloodletting at Jing points has been used to treat coma in traditional Chinese medicine. Mild induced hypothermia has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects. However, the therapeutic effects of bloodletting at Jing points and mild induced hypothermia alone are limited. Therefore, we investigated whether combined treatment might have clinical effectiveness for the treatment of acute severe traumatic brain injury. Using a rat model of traumatic brain injury, combined treatment substantially alleviated cerebral edema and bloodbrain barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, neurological function was ameliorated, and cellular necrosis and the inflammatory response were lessened. These findings suggest that the combined effects of bloodletting at Jing points（20 μL, twice a day, for 2 days） and mild induced hypothermia（6 hours） are better than their individual effects alone. Their combined application may have marked neuroprotective effects in the clinical treatment of acute severe traumatic brain injury.
基金supported by a grant from the Major Science and Technology Project "Major New Drug Created" Funding,No.2009ZX09103-707
文摘Inflammation after stroke is the main cause of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cascading events after injury can lead to cell death. Heat shock protein 70 and other endogenous injury-signaling molecules are released by damaged cells, which can lead to systemic stress reactions. Protecting the brain through repair begins with the stress-injury-repair signaling chain. This study aimed to verify whether acupuncture acts through this chain to facilitate effective treatment of ischemic stroke. Rat models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by Zea Longa＇s method, and injury sites were identified by assessing neurological function, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Electroacupuncture at acupoints Baihui（DU20） and Zusanli（ST36） was performed in the model rats with dilatational waves, delivered for 20 minutes a day at 2–100 Hz and an amplitude of 2 m A. We analyzed the blood serum from the rats and found that inflammatory cytokines affected the levels of adrenotrophin and heat shock protein 70, each of which followed a similar bimodal curve. Specifically, electroacupuncture lowered the peak levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and heat shock protein 70. Thus, electroacupuncture was able to inhibit excessive stress, reduce inflammation, and promote the repair of neurons, which facilitated healing of ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the Key Project Fund of Henan Medical Science and Technology of Henan Province Health Bureau in China,No.200902009
文摘Electroacupuncture at the head acupoints Baihui（GV20） and Shuigou（GV26） improves recovery of neurological function following ischemic cerebrovascular events,but its mechanism remains incompletely understood.We hypothesized that the action of electroacupuncture at these acupoints is associated with elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor beta 1（TGF-β1）.To test this,we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion.Electroacupuncture was performed at Baihui and Shuigou with a “dispersedense” wave at an alternating frequency of 2 and 150 Hz,and at a constant intensity of 3 m A.Each electroacupuncture session lasted 30 minutes and was performed every 12 hours for 3 days.Neurological severity scores were lower in injured rats after acupuncture than in those not subjected to treatment.Furthermore,serum level of TGF-β1 was greater after electroacupuncture than after no treatment.Our results indicate that electroacupuncture at Baihui and Shuigou increases the serum level of TGF-β1 in rats with acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,and exerts neuroprotective effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81260295the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China,No.20132BAB205063
文摘Electrical stimulation of the median nerve is a noninvasive technique that facilitates awakening from coma. In rats with traumatic brain injury-induced coma, median nerve stimulation markedly enhances prefrontal cortex expression of orexin-A and its receptor, orexin receptor 1. To further understand the mechanism underlying wakefulness mediated by electrical stimulation of the median nerve, we evaluated its effects on the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 in the prefrontal cortex in rat models of traumatic brain injury-induced coma, using immunohistochemistry and western blot assays. In rats with traumatic brain injury, NR1 expression increased with time after injury. Rats that underwent electrical stimulation of the median nerve（30 Hz, 0.5 ms, 1.0 m A for 15 minutes） showed elevated NR1 expression and greater recovery of consciousness than those without stimulation. These effects were reduced by intracerebroventricular injection of the orexin receptor 1 antagonist SB334867. Our results indicate that electrical stimulation of the median nerve promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury-induced coma by increasing prefrontal cortex NR1 expression via an orexin-A-mediated pathway.
基金supported by the Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hebei University of Technology,No.2013007the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China,No.20131317120007+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province in China,No.H2013202176the Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31400844,51377045,61571180 and 31300818
文摘Stimulation at specific acupoints can activate cortical regions in human subjects.Previous studies have mainly focused on a single brain region.However,the brain is a network and many brain regions participate in the same task.The study of a single brain region alone cannot clearly explain any brain-related issues.Therefore,for the present study,magnetic stimulation was used to stimulate the Neiguan（PC6） acupoint,and 32-channel electroencephalography data were recorded before and after stimulation.Brain functional networks were constructed based on electroencephalography data to determine the relationship between magnetic stimulation at the PC6 acupoint and cortical excitability.Results indicated that magnetic stimulation at the PC6 acupoint increased connections between cerebral cortex regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81173339,81303020the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of Chinathe Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin of China,No.11JCZDJC19800
文摘Excess activation and expression of large-conductance Ca^2＋-activated K^＋ channels（BKCa channels） may be an important mechanism for delayed neuronal death after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Electroacupuncture can regulate BKCa channels after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Model rats received electroacupuncture of 1 m A and 2 Hz at Shuigou（GV26） for 10 minutes, once every 12 hours for a total of six times in 72 hours. We found that in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury rats, ischemic changes in the cerebral cortex were mitigated after electroacupuncture. Moreover, BKCa channel protein and m RNA expression were reduced in the cerebral cortex and neurological function noticeably improved. These changes did not occur after electroacupuncture at a non-acupoint（5 mm lateral to the left side of Shuigou）. Thus, our findings indicate that electroacupuncture at Shuigou improves neurological function in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and may be associated with down-regulation of BKCa channel protein and m RNA expression. Additionally, our results suggest that the Shuigou acupoint has functional specificity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81672171,81330042the International Cooperation Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81620108018+2 种基金a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,No.2014DFR31210a grant from the Tianjin Science and Technology Committee of China,No.13RCGFSY19000,14ZCZDSY00044the Youth Foundation of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital of China,No.ZYYFY2015008
文摘Deferoxamine, a clinically safe drug used for treating iron overload, also repairs spinal cord injury although the mechanism for this action remains unknown. Here, we determined whether deferoxamine was therapeutic in a rat model of spinal cord injury and explored potential mechanisms for this effect. Spinal cord injury was induced by impacting the spinal cord at the thoracic T10 vertebra level. One group of injured rats received deferoxamine, a second injured group received saline, and a third group was sham operated. Both 2 days and 2 weeks after spinal cord injury, total iron ion levels and protein expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 in the spinal cords of the injured deferoxamine-treated rats were significantly lower than those in the injured saline-treated group. The percentage of the area positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d UTP nick end labeling-positive cells were also significantly decreased both 2 days and 2 weeks post injury, while the number of Neu N-positive cells and the percentage of the area positive for the oligodendrocyte marker CNPase were increased in the injured deferoxamine-treated rats. At 14–56 days post injury, hind limb motor function in the deferoxamine-treated rats was superior to that in the saline-treated rats. These results suggest that deferoxamine decreases total iron ion, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and caspase-3 expression levels after spinal cord injury and inhibits apoptosis and glial scar formation to promote motor function recovery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81302612the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China,No.12KJB310018a grant from the Student Innovation Training Program of China,No.201410313023Z
文摘The adipocytokine,apelin-13,is an abundantly expressed peptide in the nervous system.Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury and attenuates traumatic brain injury by suppressing autophagy.However,secondary apelin-13 effects on traumatic brain injury-induced neural cell death and blood-brain barrier integrity are still not clear.Here,we found that apelin-13 significantly decreases cerebral water content,mitigates blood-brain barrier destruction,reduces aquaporin-4 expression,diminishes caspase-3 and Bax expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus,and reduces apoptosis.These results show that apelin-13 attenuates secondary injury after traumatic brain injury and exerts a neuroprotective effect.
文摘Adelaide schoolgirl Tilly Williams has broken a world distance running record,beating other girls who were eight years older than her to run 5000 meters in just 17 minutes and 22.7 seconds.The 11-year-old girl beat the previous record by 19 seconds,making her the fastest distance runner under the age of 19 across 60 countries.
文摘I'm going to go out for a while.When willdinner be ready?我要出去一会儿。晚饭什么时候好?It won't be long.Dinner will beready in ten minutes.Can't you go out after eating?很快就好。再等十分钟就可以吃了。吃完饭再出去吧?
文摘Two dozen people gathered in the back of Cream&Amber,a caféand bookstore in Hopkins,Minnesota,chatting and laughing with the people sitting beside them.Then,1o minutes in,the room fell quiet,and people opened their books:pristine hardcovers and dogeared softcovers and a single e-reader,with different covers and authors and genres.
文摘Thoracoabdominal aortic replacement,necessary in case of injuries,aneurysms and dissections,shows a high complication rate as a consequence of the perioperative ischemia/reperfusion-sequence（I/R）.Clamping above and below the lesion leads to the spinal cord suffering from ischemia.Clamping times of less than 30 minutes show only a small risk of neurological deficit,
基金supported by NIH (R21 NS076925)the University of Kansas Medical Center funds to A.B.B+1 种基金supported in part by NIH P20 GM104936, P30 AG035982 and UL1 TR000001Core support was provided by NIH HD002528
文摘In the mammalian central nervous system（CNS）coupling of neurons by gap junctions and the expression of neuronal gap junction protein,connexin 36（Cx36）rapidly increases（usually during 1–2 hours）following a wide range of neuronal injuries,including ischemia,traumatic brain injury（TBI）,spinal cord injury and epilepsy（reviewed in Belousov and Fontes,2013）.Pharmacological blockade or genetic elimi-nation of Cx36-containing gap junctions dramatically re- duce neuronal death in animal models of ischemia, TBI and epilepsy and prevent NMDA receptor （NMDAR）-mediated excitotoxicity （Belousov and Fontes, 2014）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81571938 and 81501706the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China,No.Y2007C133
文摘Heat shock protein 70（HSP70） maintains Ca^2＋ homeostasis in PC12 cells,which may protect against apoptosis;however,the mechanisms of neuroprotection are unclear.Therefore,in this study,we examined Ca^2＋ levels in PC12 cells transfected with an exogenous lentiviral HSP70 gene expression construct,and we subsequently subjected the cells to ischemia-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.HSP70 overexpression increased neuronal viability and ATPase activity,and it decreased cellular reactive oxygen species levels and intracellular Ca^2＋ concentration after hypoxia/reoxygenation.HSP70 overexpression enhanced the protein and m RNA expression levels of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2＋-ATPase（SERCA）,but it decreased the protein and m RNA levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor（IP3R）,thereby leading to decreased intracellular Ca^2＋concentration after ischemia-hypoxia/reoxygenation.These results suggest that exogenous HSP70 protects against ischemia-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury,at least in part,by maintaining cellular Ca^2＋ homeostasis,by upregulating SERCA expression and by downregulating IP_3 R expression.
基金supported by the Military Medical Research Foundation of China,No.06MA283
文摘Previous studies of animal models of chronic mechanical compression of the spinal cord have mainly focused on cervical and thoracic lesions, but few studies have investigated thoracolumbar injury. The specific pathophysiological mechanism of chronic thoracolumbar cord injury has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to improve animal models of chronic thoracolumbar cord compression using the progressive screw. A custom-designed flat plastic screw was implanted in the spinal cord between thoracic vertebrae 12 and lumbar 1 of rats. The screw was tightened one complete turn（0.5 mm） every 7 days for 4 weeks to create different levels of chronic spinal cord compression. Following insertion of the screw, there was a significant decline in motor function of the hind limbs, and severe stenosis of micro-computed tomography parameters in the spinal cord. Cortical somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes were reduced remarkably, and latencies were prolonged at 30 minutes after surgery. The loss of motor neurons in the gray matter was marked. Demyelination and cavitation were observed in the white matter. An appropriate rat model of chronic thoracolumbar cord compression was successfully created using the progressive screw compression method, which simulated spinal cord compression injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81273677a grant from the Postgraduate Innovation Topics of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in China in 2014,No.2014CX01
文摘Sensory inputs stimulated by Zusanli（ST36） acupuncture in the abdomen are known to converge in the upper cervical cord. However, it is unclear whether these inputs are subsequently conveyed to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and what kind of afferent fibers are involved. We focused on the upper cervical cord, where afferent inputs converge, and detected c-fos expression in oxytocinergic neurons. We found that Zusanli acupuncture therapy effectively elevated intragastric pressure, but inhibited expression of c-fos in oxytocinergic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus in upper cervical cord injured rats. These Zusanli acupuncture effects remained even after complete dorsal cord transection. However, after complete transection of the spinal cord or dorsolateral funiculus, the effects were significantly attenuated and even disappeared. These findings suggest that the paraventricular nucleus is responsible for pooling and integrating signals from the Zusanli acupuncture and sensory information from the intragastric pressure variation, thereby contributing to the regulation of intragastric pressure. The upper cervical cord serves as the key link between ascending and descending pathways, which conveys afferent inputs to the paraventricular nucleus through the dorsolateral funiculus.
文摘"What amess!Tom,cleanup your room and get thingsready for school.You've gotonly 10 minutes! Hurry up!"Can youhelp Tom findout the school things in the picture?Colour them.
文摘Missing the Plane Early one morning a man called for a taxi to take him to the airport,which was a long way from the highway.He patiently waited for about thirty minutes,and called the taxi company to say that the car had not arrived.The staff said that it was on the way.However,several minutes later,he was still waiting.
