利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、FY-2C云顶亮温(TBB)资料及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年6月17—18日发生在黔东南地区的典型梅雨锋西段暴雨进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)在500 h Pa两槽一脊单阻型梅雨形势下,...利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、FY-2C云顶亮温(TBB)资料及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年6月17—18日发生在黔东南地区的典型梅雨锋西段暴雨进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)在500 h Pa两槽一脊单阻型梅雨形势下,冷空气沿贝加尔湖阻塞高压东侧南下与来自南海、孟加拉湾的暖湿气流在黔东南交汇,500 h Pa短波槽东移促使低空切变线东移南压和地面梅雨锋发展,配合200 hPa南亚高压东部脊附近的"辐散抽吸"作用,共同触发了中尺度对流系统(MCS)而造成暴雨;(2)大暴雨由多个MCS新生、东移、合并与发展加强造成,强降雨主要发生在对流云团发展到成熟阶段,TBB降低过程与降雨增强过程较为一致;(3)梅雨锋雨带上一镶嵌若干γ、β中尺度云团的α中尺度对流系统在黔东南地区维持是造成该地区清水江流域持续强降雨的直接原因;(4)低层正螺旋度中心、中高层负螺旋度中心均向下移动,且低层正螺旋度迅速增大,有利于低层切变线快速发展和降水增强;(5)低层850 h Pa水汽通量辐合带与强降雨带吻合较好。展开更多
The mei-yu front heavy rainstorms occurred over Nanjing on 3 5 and 8 9 July 2003 and were simulated in this paper using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRFv3.1) with various mesoscale convection parameteri...The mei-yu front heavy rainstorms occurred over Nanjing on 3 5 and 8 9 July 2003 and were simulated in this paper using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRFv3.1) with various mesoscale convection parameterization schemes (MCPSs). The simulations show that the temporal and spatial evolution and distribution of rainstorms can be modeled; however, there was incongruity between the comparative simulations of four different MCPSs and the observed data. These disparities were exhibited in the simulations of both the 24-hour surface rainfall total and the hourly precipitation rate. Further analysis revealed that the discrepancies of vertical velocity and the convective vorticity vector (CVV) between the four simulations were attributed to the deviation of rainfall values. In addition, the simulations show that the mid-scale convection, particularly the mesoscale convection system (MCS) formation, can be well simulated with the proper mesoscale convection parameterization schemes and may be a crucial factor of the mei-yu front heavy rainstorm. These results suggest that, in an effort to enhance simulation and prediction of heavy rainfall and rainstorms, subsequent studies should focus on the development and improvement of MCPS.展开更多
使用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波资料、自动气象站降水量以及0.25°×0.25°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2017年8月1日发生在黑龙江南部的暖区暴雨过程的中尺度特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:暴雨发生在副高加强西伸...使用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波资料、自动气象站降水量以及0.25°×0.25°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2017年8月1日发生在黑龙江南部的暖区暴雨过程的中尺度特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:暴雨发生在副高加强西伸北抬及有台风活动的背景下,副高外围的水汽输送为暴雨提供了充沛的水汽条件;低层西南风的增大导致暖锋锋生,暖锋的辐合抬升作用加强,造成较大范围的暴雨天气;锋生区附近存在CSI,锋生作用及CSI的释放,加强了沿着锋面倾斜向上的斜升气流及锋面次级环流,CSI导致的斜升气流的发展进一步触发对流不稳定,导致大范围的垂直上升运动,降水显著加强;暖锋云带内部探空分析显示大气处于不稳定状态,有利于以短时强降水为主的对流发展。暴雨是由云团的后向传播造成的,强降水以暖云降水为主,降水效率高,雨强大,暖锋稳定少动,由暖锋锋生所致的对流单体在同一区域重复新生,并沿暖锋自西向东传播,形成列车效应,暴雨中心一直有最大反射率因子超过45 d Bz且降水效率高的强回波活动,持续时间超过4 h,导致强降水持续时间长,降水累积量大。展开更多
Based on intensive automatic weather station data, satellite cloud imagery, NCEP reanalyzed data, and the simulation results from mesoscale numerical models, this study analyzes the characteristics and formation mecha...Based on intensive automatic weather station data, satellite cloud imagery, NCEP reanalyzed data, and the simulation results from mesoscale numerical models, this study analyzes the characteristics and formation mechanisms of the mesoscale convection system(MCS) during the extreme precipitation event that was triggered by a weakened low-pressure inverted trough of Typhoon Haikui on August 10/2012. The results of this study show that cold air at the rear of a northeastern cold vortex creates thermodynamic conditions favorable to the development of extreme precipitation. The main body of the cold air is northward located so that the cold air invades only the middle layer of the periphery of the inverted trough. Thus, the cold air minimally affects the lower layer, which results in a vertically distributed structure of the temperature advection that augments the formation and development of convective instability stratification. In the middle troposphere, the cold air encounters the convergent, ascending, warm moist air from the low-pressure inverted trough, leading to frontogenesis. The frontogenesis enhances wind convergence which, in turn, further enhances the frontogenesis, and the positive feedback between these two forces augments the development of meso- and small-scale convection systems in the rainstorm region and its vicinity, which strengthens the upward transportation of water vapor from low layers and thickening of water vapor convergence and results in local heavy rains.展开更多
The impacts of soil moisture(SM) on heavy rainfall and the development of Mesoscale Convection Systems(MCSs) are investigated through 24-h numerical simulations of two heavy rainfall events that occurred respectively ...The impacts of soil moisture(SM) on heavy rainfall and the development of Mesoscale Convection Systems(MCSs) are investigated through 24-h numerical simulations of two heavy rainfall events that occurred respectively on28 March 2009(Case 1) and 6 May 2010(Case 2) over southern China. The numerical simulations were carried out with WRF and its coupled Noah LSM(Land Surface Model). First, comparative experiments were driven by two different SM data sources from NCEP-FNL and NASA-GLDAS. Secondary, with the run driven by NASA-GLDAS data as a control one, a series of sensitivity tests with different degree of(20%, 60%) increase or decrease in the initial SM were performed to examine the impact of SM on the simulations. Comparative experiment results show that the 24-h simulated cumulative rainfall distributions are not substantially affected by the application of the two different SM data,while the precipitation intensity is changed to some extent. Forecast skill scores show that simulation with NASA-GLDAS SM data can lead to some improvement, especially in the heavy rain(芏50 mm) forecast, where there is up to 5% increase in the TS score. Sensitivity test analysis found that a predominantly positive feedback of SM on precipitation existed in these two heavy rain events but not with completely the same features. Organization of the heavy rainfall-producing MCS seems to have an impact on the feedback process between SM and precipitation. For Case 1, the MCS was poorly organized and occurred locally in late afternoon, and the increase of SM only caused a slight enhancement of precipitation. Drier soil was found to result in an apparent decrease of rainfall intensity,indicating that precipitation is more sensitive to SM reduction. For Case 2, as the heavy rain was caused by a well-organized MCS with sustained precipitation, the rainfall is more sensitive to SM increase, which brings more rainfall. Additionally, distinctive feedback effects were identified from different stages and different organization of MCS, with str展开更多
文摘利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、FY-2C云顶亮温(TBB)资料及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年6月17—18日发生在黔东南地区的典型梅雨锋西段暴雨进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)在500 h Pa两槽一脊单阻型梅雨形势下,冷空气沿贝加尔湖阻塞高压东侧南下与来自南海、孟加拉湾的暖湿气流在黔东南交汇,500 h Pa短波槽东移促使低空切变线东移南压和地面梅雨锋发展,配合200 hPa南亚高压东部脊附近的"辐散抽吸"作用,共同触发了中尺度对流系统(MCS)而造成暴雨;(2)大暴雨由多个MCS新生、东移、合并与发展加强造成,强降雨主要发生在对流云团发展到成熟阶段,TBB降低过程与降雨增强过程较为一致;(3)梅雨锋雨带上一镶嵌若干γ、β中尺度云团的α中尺度对流系统在黔东南地区维持是造成该地区清水江流域持续强降雨的直接原因;(4)低层正螺旋度中心、中高层负螺旋度中心均向下移动,且低层正螺旋度迅速增大,有利于低层切变线快速发展和降水增强;(5)低层850 h Pa水汽通量辐合带与强降雨带吻合较好。
基金supported jointly by the Projects of Jiangsu Key Lab of Meteorological Disaster (Grant No. Klme060207)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40875031)
文摘The mei-yu front heavy rainstorms occurred over Nanjing on 3 5 and 8 9 July 2003 and were simulated in this paper using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRFv3.1) with various mesoscale convection parameterization schemes (MCPSs). The simulations show that the temporal and spatial evolution and distribution of rainstorms can be modeled; however, there was incongruity between the comparative simulations of four different MCPSs and the observed data. These disparities were exhibited in the simulations of both the 24-hour surface rainfall total and the hourly precipitation rate. Further analysis revealed that the discrepancies of vertical velocity and the convective vorticity vector (CVV) between the four simulations were attributed to the deviation of rainfall values. In addition, the simulations show that the mid-scale convection, particularly the mesoscale convection system (MCS) formation, can be well simulated with the proper mesoscale convection parameterization schemes and may be a crucial factor of the mei-yu front heavy rainstorm. These results suggest that, in an effort to enhance simulation and prediction of heavy rainfall and rainstorms, subsequent studies should focus on the development and improvement of MCPS.
文摘使用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波资料、自动气象站降水量以及0.25°×0.25°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2017年8月1日发生在黑龙江南部的暖区暴雨过程的中尺度特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:暴雨发生在副高加强西伸北抬及有台风活动的背景下,副高外围的水汽输送为暴雨提供了充沛的水汽条件;低层西南风的增大导致暖锋锋生,暖锋的辐合抬升作用加强,造成较大范围的暴雨天气;锋生区附近存在CSI,锋生作用及CSI的释放,加强了沿着锋面倾斜向上的斜升气流及锋面次级环流,CSI导致的斜升气流的发展进一步触发对流不稳定,导致大范围的垂直上升运动,降水显著加强;暖锋云带内部探空分析显示大气处于不稳定状态,有利于以短时强降水为主的对流发展。暴雨是由云团的后向传播造成的,强降水以暖云降水为主,降水效率高,雨强大,暖锋稳定少动,由暖锋锋生所致的对流单体在同一区域重复新生,并沿暖锋自西向东传播,形成列车效应,暴雨中心一直有最大反射率因子超过45 d Bz且降水效率高的强回波活动,持续时间超过4 h,导致强降水持续时间长,降水累积量大。
基金Jiangsu Province Natural Science Fund(BK20131459)Science and Technology Department Social Development Project(BE2011818)+1 种基金National Meteorological Public Professional Science and Technology Program of China(GYHY201306010)National Sci-Tech Support Plan(2011BAK21B04)
文摘Based on intensive automatic weather station data, satellite cloud imagery, NCEP reanalyzed data, and the simulation results from mesoscale numerical models, this study analyzes the characteristics and formation mechanisms of the mesoscale convection system(MCS) during the extreme precipitation event that was triggered by a weakened low-pressure inverted trough of Typhoon Haikui on August 10/2012. The results of this study show that cold air at the rear of a northeastern cold vortex creates thermodynamic conditions favorable to the development of extreme precipitation. The main body of the cold air is northward located so that the cold air invades only the middle layer of the periphery of the inverted trough. Thus, the cold air minimally affects the lower layer, which results in a vertically distributed structure of the temperature advection that augments the formation and development of convective instability stratification. In the middle troposphere, the cold air encounters the convergent, ascending, warm moist air from the low-pressure inverted trough, leading to frontogenesis. The frontogenesis enhances wind convergence which, in turn, further enhances the frontogenesis, and the positive feedback between these two forces augments the development of meso- and small-scale convection systems in the rainstorm region and its vicinity, which strengthens the upward transportation of water vapor from low layers and thickening of water vapor convergence and results in local heavy rains.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(40775068)Open Project for State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2009LASW-B03)Special Fund for Meteorological Scientific Research in the Public Interest(GYHY201106003,GYHY201406009)
文摘The impacts of soil moisture(SM) on heavy rainfall and the development of Mesoscale Convection Systems(MCSs) are investigated through 24-h numerical simulations of two heavy rainfall events that occurred respectively on28 March 2009(Case 1) and 6 May 2010(Case 2) over southern China. The numerical simulations were carried out with WRF and its coupled Noah LSM(Land Surface Model). First, comparative experiments were driven by two different SM data sources from NCEP-FNL and NASA-GLDAS. Secondary, with the run driven by NASA-GLDAS data as a control one, a series of sensitivity tests with different degree of(20%, 60%) increase or decrease in the initial SM were performed to examine the impact of SM on the simulations. Comparative experiment results show that the 24-h simulated cumulative rainfall distributions are not substantially affected by the application of the two different SM data,while the precipitation intensity is changed to some extent. Forecast skill scores show that simulation with NASA-GLDAS SM data can lead to some improvement, especially in the heavy rain(芏50 mm) forecast, where there is up to 5% increase in the TS score. Sensitivity test analysis found that a predominantly positive feedback of SM on precipitation existed in these two heavy rain events but not with completely the same features. Organization of the heavy rainfall-producing MCS seems to have an impact on the feedback process between SM and precipitation. For Case 1, the MCS was poorly organized and occurred locally in late afternoon, and the increase of SM only caused a slight enhancement of precipitation. Drier soil was found to result in an apparent decrease of rainfall intensity,indicating that precipitation is more sensitive to SM reduction. For Case 2, as the heavy rain was caused by a well-organized MCS with sustained precipitation, the rainfall is more sensitive to SM increase, which brings more rainfall. Additionally, distinctive feedback effects were identified from different stages and different organization of MCS, with str
