Since 1990, a series of studies on rats, monkeys and human foetus showed that an arcshaped zone is present in the middle-caudal segment of medulla oblongata, running from the dorsomedial part to the ventrolateral part...Since 1990, a series of studies on rats, monkeys and human foetus showed that an arcshaped zone is present in the middle-caudal segment of medulla oblongata, running from the dorsomedial part to the ventrolateral part and passing through the reticular formation. It was named the medullary visceral zone (MVZ). The MVZ has been investigated with various techniques (Golgi method, Nissl method, immunohistochemical method, in situ hybridization method, triple labelling method, neurophysiological method, etc. ), and the morphological features as well as the physiological functions of MVZ have been preliminarily understood. It is proved that the medullary life center is located in MVZ.An introduction and some comments are given on the location of MVZ, its shape and extent, cytoarchitecture, and chemicoarchitecture, afferent and efferent fiber connections and their functions, and its important physiological functions.展开更多
To the Editor:Bilateral medial medullary infarction(MMI)is a rare stroke subtype.[1]usually leads to quadriplegia,sensory disturbance,hypoglossal palsy,bulbar paralysis,etc.[2]We encountered a patient with rapidly pro...To the Editor:Bilateral medial medullary infarction(MMI)is a rare stroke subtype.[1]usually leads to quadriplegia,sensory disturbance,hypoglossal palsy,bulbar paralysis,etc.[2]We encountered a patient with rapidly progressive tetraparesis and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)exhibited a“heart appearance”sign in the bilateral ventral medulla.Computed tomography angiography(CTA)demonstrated that the left vertebral artery(VA)was hypoplastic and there was an atherosclerotic stenosis in the V4 segment.展开更多
Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma （MTC） is a rare malignant tumour and usually difficult to diagnose with ultrasound. The aim of the study is to summarize the sonographic features of MTC and evaluate their diag...Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma （MTC） is a rare malignant tumour and usually difficult to diagnose with ultrasound. The aim of the study is to summarize the sonographic features of MTC and evaluate their diagnostic values.Methods We analyzed the sonographic features of 35 MTCs and 50 benign nodules with respect to nodular size,echogenecity, internal content, shape, height/width, border, peripheral halo, calcifications and colour flow pattern. The ratio of long to short axis, echogenecity, internal content and calcifications were also assessed in cervical lymph nodes.The differences in sonographic features between MTCs and benign nodules were analyzed with Chi square test. The diagnostic efficiency of each sonographic feature was determined.Results The main sonographic features of MTC were hypoechogenicity （including marked hypoechogenicity） （n=34,97%）, internal solid content （n=29, 83%）, taller than wide （n=34, 97%）, well defined border （n=24, 69%）,microcalcifications or macrocalcifications （n=23, 66%）. The echogenicity, internal content, shape, peripheral halo and calcifications were significantly different between these two groups, while the tall/wide, border, and pednodular and intranodular vascularisation were not significantly different. Among all the individual sonographic features, irregular shape had the highest diagnostic efficiency with a sensitivity of 51% and specificity of 92%. The combination of marked hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and irregular shape yielded a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 86%.Conclusions The typical sonographic features of MTC are hypoechogenicity, predominantly solid, irregularly shaped with intranodular micro- or macro-calcifications. The combination of multiple sonographic features is helpful, but not definitive, for the diagnosis of MTC.展开更多
文摘Since 1990, a series of studies on rats, monkeys and human foetus showed that an arcshaped zone is present in the middle-caudal segment of medulla oblongata, running from the dorsomedial part to the ventrolateral part and passing through the reticular formation. It was named the medullary visceral zone (MVZ). The MVZ has been investigated with various techniques (Golgi method, Nissl method, immunohistochemical method, in situ hybridization method, triple labelling method, neurophysiological method, etc. ), and the morphological features as well as the physiological functions of MVZ have been preliminarily understood. It is proved that the medullary life center is located in MVZ.An introduction and some comments are given on the location of MVZ, its shape and extent, cytoarchitecture, and chemicoarchitecture, afferent and efferent fiber connections and their functions, and its important physiological functions.
文摘To the Editor:Bilateral medial medullary infarction(MMI)is a rare stroke subtype.[1]usually leads to quadriplegia,sensory disturbance,hypoglossal palsy,bulbar paralysis,etc.[2]We encountered a patient with rapidly progressive tetraparesis and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)exhibited a“heart appearance”sign in the bilateral ventral medulla.Computed tomography angiography(CTA)demonstrated that the left vertebral artery(VA)was hypoplastic and there was an atherosclerotic stenosis in the V4 segment.
文摘Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma （MTC） is a rare malignant tumour and usually difficult to diagnose with ultrasound. The aim of the study is to summarize the sonographic features of MTC and evaluate their diagnostic values.Methods We analyzed the sonographic features of 35 MTCs and 50 benign nodules with respect to nodular size,echogenecity, internal content, shape, height/width, border, peripheral halo, calcifications and colour flow pattern. The ratio of long to short axis, echogenecity, internal content and calcifications were also assessed in cervical lymph nodes.The differences in sonographic features between MTCs and benign nodules were analyzed with Chi square test. The diagnostic efficiency of each sonographic feature was determined.Results The main sonographic features of MTC were hypoechogenicity （including marked hypoechogenicity） （n=34,97%）, internal solid content （n=29, 83%）, taller than wide （n=34, 97%）, well defined border （n=24, 69%）,microcalcifications or macrocalcifications （n=23, 66%）. The echogenicity, internal content, shape, peripheral halo and calcifications were significantly different between these two groups, while the tall/wide, border, and pednodular and intranodular vascularisation were not significantly different. Among all the individual sonographic features, irregular shape had the highest diagnostic efficiency with a sensitivity of 51% and specificity of 92%. The combination of marked hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and irregular shape yielded a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 86%.Conclusions The typical sonographic features of MTC are hypoechogenicity, predominantly solid, irregularly shaped with intranodular micro- or macro-calcifications. The combination of multiple sonographic features is helpful, but not definitive, for the diagnosis of MTC.
