患者报告结局测量工具(patient-reported outcome measures,PROMs)测量属性研究是指研究者为效验PROMs的测量属性(如信度)而进行的一系列研究。如果在这些测量属性研究的设计和统计分析过程中存在缺陷,就会产生偏倚,影响测量工具的质量...患者报告结局测量工具(patient-reported outcome measures,PROMs)测量属性研究是指研究者为效验PROMs的测量属性(如信度)而进行的一系列研究。如果在这些测量属性研究的设计和统计分析过程中存在缺陷,就会产生偏倚,影响测量工具的质量。COSMIN(consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments)指导委员会开发了COSMIN-RoB清单用以评估测量属性研究的偏倚风险,该清单可用于制作PROMs测量属性的系统评价,同时对于PROMs开发者而言,也可使用该清单指导测量工具的开发。目前,在国内尚缺乏测量属性研究的偏倚风险评估工具,因此本文旨在介绍COSMIN-RoB清单的基本情况和使用原则,同时结合实例对内部结构研究部分的评价清单进行解读,以期指导研究者使用COSMIN-RoB清单。展开更多
Significant progresses have been made in recent years in precipitation data analyses at regional to global scales. This paper re-views and synthesizes recent advances in precipitation-bias corrections and applications...Significant progresses have been made in recent years in precipitation data analyses at regional to global scales. This paper re-views and synthesizes recent advances in precipitation-bias corrections and applications in many countries and over the cold re-gions. The main objective of this review is to identify and examine gaps in regional and national precipitation-error analyses. This paper also discusses and recommends future research needs and directions. More effort and coordination are necessary in the determinations of precipitation biases on large regions across national borders. It is important to emphasize that bias cor-rections of precipitation measurements affect both water budget and energy balance calculations, particularly over the cold regions.展开更多
文摘患者报告结局测量工具(patient-reported outcome measures,PROMs)测量属性研究是指研究者为效验PROMs的测量属性(如信度)而进行的一系列研究。如果在这些测量属性研究的设计和统计分析过程中存在缺陷,就会产生偏倚,影响测量工具的质量。COSMIN(consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments)指导委员会开发了COSMIN-RoB清单用以评估测量属性研究的偏倚风险,该清单可用于制作PROMs测量属性的系统评价,同时对于PROMs开发者而言,也可使用该清单指导测量工具的开发。目前,在国内尚缺乏测量属性研究的偏倚风险评估工具,因此本文旨在介绍COSMIN-RoB清单的基本情况和使用原则,同时结合实例对内部结构研究部分的评价清单进行解读,以期指导研究者使用COSMIN-RoB清单。
基金supported by International Partnership Pro-ject of the CAS (CXTD-Z2005-2)the One Hundred Talents program of CSA, and the U.S. National Science Foundation OPP grants 0230083, 0612334, and 0632160
文摘Significant progresses have been made in recent years in precipitation data analyses at regional to global scales. This paper re-views and synthesizes recent advances in precipitation-bias corrections and applications in many countries and over the cold re-gions. The main objective of this review is to identify and examine gaps in regional and national precipitation-error analyses. This paper also discusses and recommends future research needs and directions. More effort and coordination are necessary in the determinations of precipitation biases on large regions across national borders. It is important to emphasize that bias cor-rections of precipitation measurements affect both water budget and energy balance calculations, particularly over the cold regions.
