2022 is the centennial of an event which many consider to be a basis from which quantum mechanics can be derived—the Stern-Gerlach experiment of 1922—despite that the meaning of quantum theory is today an open quest...2022 is the centennial of an event which many consider to be a basis from which quantum mechanics can be derived—the Stern-Gerlach experiment of 1922—despite that the meaning of quantum theory is today an open question. Key is “the measurement problem”, the need to measure quantum phenomena with classical equipment while the boundary separating quantum from classical is unknown. The mechanism of the SG-experiment is analyzed, and the Qubit nature normally projected onto the data is traced to quantization of the detector, labelled a Qudet. This novel interpretation should have downstream consequences, such as the SG-based interpretation of Bell’s Theorem.展开更多
Assuming the Dirac wavefunction describes the state of a single particle. We propose that the relation derived by Schrödinger, which contains the Zitterbewegung term, is a position equation for an amplitude m...Assuming the Dirac wavefunction describes the state of a single particle. We propose that the relation derived by Schrödinger, which contains the Zitterbewegung term, is a position equation for an amplitude modulated wave. Namely, the elementary constituents are amplitude modulated waves. Indeed, we surmise that a second wave is associated with the particle, which corresponds to a signal. At the same time, we interpret that Broglie’s wave corresponds to a carrier. Furthermore, the quantum object is a recording medium and, like in a hologram, information encoded on its surface. We suggest a description and the cause of the Zitterbewegung heretofore never considered regarding the previous assertions. Hereunder, we shall also apply the quantum amplitude modulation interpretation to the single-photon wave function by Bialynicki-Birula. The predictions are testable, thence providing evidence for the proposed hypothesis.展开更多
The Extended Wigner’s Friend thought experiment, comprising a quantum system containing an agent who draws conclusions upon observing the outcome of a measurement of a quantum state prepared in two nonorthogonal vers...The Extended Wigner’s Friend thought experiment, comprising a quantum system containing an agent who draws conclusions upon observing the outcome of a measurement of a quantum state prepared in two nonorthogonal versions by another agent, led its authors to conclude that quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself. It has also been proposed that this thought experiment is equivalent to entangled state (Bell-type) experiments. It is argued in this paper that the assumption of the freedom of choice of the first Wigner’s friend regarding how to prepare a quantum state in one of the two available nonorthogonal versions invalidates such equivalence.展开更多
In this study, we show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. We do not delve into a deep discussion regarding what ...In this study, we show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. We do not delve into a deep discussion regarding what the measurement problem actually is, and only examine the problems that seem to exist between classical and quantum physics. Relations between quantum and classical equations of motion are briefly reviewed to show that the transition from a superposition of quantum states to an eigenstate, namely, decoherence, is necessary to ensure that the expectation values in quantum mechanics obey the classical equations of motion. Several Bell-type inequalities and the Kochen-Specker theorem are also reviewed to clarify the concepts of <em>nonseparability</em> and <em>counterfactual definiteness </em>in quantum mechanics. The main objective of this study is to show that decoherence is an inherent characteristic of quantum states caused by the quantum uncertainty relation. We conclude that the quantum measurement process can indeed be explained within the framework of pure quantum mechanics. We also show that our conclusion is consistent with the counterfactual indefiniteness of quantum mechanics.展开更多
The consideration of measuring instruments as macroscopic bodies leads to neglect of the microscopic processes that occur during measurements.This disregard is not justified in general cases.As an example of measureme...The consideration of measuring instruments as macroscopic bodies leads to neglect of the microscopic processes that occur during measurements.This disregard is not justified in general cases.As an example of measurements using microscopic instruments,the scattering of a photon by an electron with electron interference at two slits(Compton effect)was used.The amount of information that can be obtained in such a process is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the incident photon.At large photon wavelengths(soft measurements),the pure state of the electron can be disrupted by an arbitrarily small extent;accordingly,the amount of information extracted in such an experiment is also arbitrarily small.It is shown that the energy price for a bit obtained in such a measurement tends toward a constant value for increasing the photon wavelength.Microscopic instruments can be used in situations where energy costs for measurements are important.展开更多
In this paper, I show that an interpretation of quantum mechanics using two-state vector formalism proposed by Aharonov, Bergmann, and Lebowitz, can solve one of the measurement problems formulated by Maudlin. Accordi...In this paper, I show that an interpretation of quantum mechanics using two-state vector formalism proposed by Aharonov, Bergmann, and Lebowitz, can solve one of the measurement problems formulated by Maudlin. According to this interpretation, we can simultaneously insist that the wave function of a system is complete, that the wave function is determined by the Schr?dinger equation, and that the measurement of a physical quantity always has determinate outcomes, although Maudlin in his formulation of the measurement problem states that these three claims are mutually inconsistent. Further, I show that my interpretation does not contradict the uncertainty relation and the no-go theorem.展开更多
Both consciousness and quantum phenomenon are subjective and indeterministic. In this paper, we propose consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. A quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) is presented based on a new inter...Both consciousness and quantum phenomenon are subjective and indeterministic. In this paper, we propose consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. A quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) is presented based on a new interpretation of quantum physics. We show that this QTOC can address the mind and body problem, the hard problem of consciousness. It also provides a physics foundation and mathematical formulation to study consciousness and neural network. We demonstrate how to apply it to develop and extend various models of consciousness. We show the predictions from this theory about the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field and the large-scale, nearly instantaneous synchrony of brainwaves among different parts of brain, body, people, and objects. The correlation between Schumann Resonances and some brainwaves is explained. Recent progress in quantum information theory, especially regarding quantum entanglement and quantum error correction code, is applied to study memory and shed new light in neuroscience.展开更多
Quantum theory according to the Copenhagen interpretation holds that, when a quantum interaction is observed (i.e., “measured”), the observer’s measuring devices temporarily become a part of the quantum system. Rel...Quantum theory according to the Copenhagen interpretation holds that, when a quantum interaction is observed (i.e., “measured”), the observer’s measuring devices temporarily become a part of the quantum system. Relativity theory holds that the event clock of the absorbed or emitted photon or graviton is frozen in time relative to all clocks outside the observed system. If we harmonize both theories, this would appear to imply that time continuity must be interrupted at each instant of observed photon or graviton interaction with matter. It is as if a segment of space-time is clipped out during each such observed interaction. If so, we must dispense with the notion of an absolutely smooth and continuous space-time and replace it with an observation-dependent, discontinuous, relativistic/quantum space-time. Mathematical physicists should be able to model this hypothesis (call it a “time-jump hypothesis”) and its inherent discontinuous space-time in their further efforts at unification.展开更多
The incompatibility of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics with philosophical realism poses a serious challenge to scientists upholding such a philosophical doctrine. The desire to find a solution to this and other conceptual ...The incompatibility of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics with philosophical realism poses a serious challenge to scientists upholding such a philosophical doctrine. The desire to find a solution to this and other conceptual problems that quantum mechanics confronts has motivated many authors to propose alternative versions to Orthodox Quantum Mechanics. One of them is the Spontaneous Projection Approach, a theory grounded on philosophical realism. It has been introduced in previous papers and, with a few exceptions, it yields experimental predictions coincident with those of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics. One of these exceptions is analyzed in detail. The difference in predictions becomes apparent in a suggested experiment which could put both theories to the test.展开更多
We make a brief historical revision of action-at-a-distance in quantum mechanics. Non-locality has been mostly related to systems of two particles in an entangled state. We show that this effect is also apparent in so...We make a brief historical revision of action-at-a-distance in quantum mechanics. Non-locality has been mostly related to systems of two particles in an entangled state. We show that this effect is also apparent in some experiments with individual particles. An easily performed experiment in this regard is introduced.展开更多
文摘2022 is the centennial of an event which many consider to be a basis from which quantum mechanics can be derived—the Stern-Gerlach experiment of 1922—despite that the meaning of quantum theory is today an open question. Key is “the measurement problem”, the need to measure quantum phenomena with classical equipment while the boundary separating quantum from classical is unknown. The mechanism of the SG-experiment is analyzed, and the Qubit nature normally projected onto the data is traced to quantization of the detector, labelled a Qudet. This novel interpretation should have downstream consequences, such as the SG-based interpretation of Bell’s Theorem.
文摘Assuming the Dirac wavefunction describes the state of a single particle. We propose that the relation derived by Schrödinger, which contains the Zitterbewegung term, is a position equation for an amplitude modulated wave. Namely, the elementary constituents are amplitude modulated waves. Indeed, we surmise that a second wave is associated with the particle, which corresponds to a signal. At the same time, we interpret that Broglie’s wave corresponds to a carrier. Furthermore, the quantum object is a recording medium and, like in a hologram, information encoded on its surface. We suggest a description and the cause of the Zitterbewegung heretofore never considered regarding the previous assertions. Hereunder, we shall also apply the quantum amplitude modulation interpretation to the single-photon wave function by Bialynicki-Birula. The predictions are testable, thence providing evidence for the proposed hypothesis.
文摘The Extended Wigner’s Friend thought experiment, comprising a quantum system containing an agent who draws conclusions upon observing the outcome of a measurement of a quantum state prepared in two nonorthogonal versions by another agent, led its authors to conclude that quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself. It has also been proposed that this thought experiment is equivalent to entangled state (Bell-type) experiments. It is argued in this paper that the assumption of the freedom of choice of the first Wigner’s friend regarding how to prepare a quantum state in one of the two available nonorthogonal versions invalidates such equivalence.
文摘In this study, we show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. We do not delve into a deep discussion regarding what the measurement problem actually is, and only examine the problems that seem to exist between classical and quantum physics. Relations between quantum and classical equations of motion are briefly reviewed to show that the transition from a superposition of quantum states to an eigenstate, namely, decoherence, is necessary to ensure that the expectation values in quantum mechanics obey the classical equations of motion. Several Bell-type inequalities and the Kochen-Specker theorem are also reviewed to clarify the concepts of <em>nonseparability</em> and <em>counterfactual definiteness </em>in quantum mechanics. The main objective of this study is to show that decoherence is an inherent characteristic of quantum states caused by the quantum uncertainty relation. We conclude that the quantum measurement process can indeed be explained within the framework of pure quantum mechanics. We also show that our conclusion is consistent with the counterfactual indefiniteness of quantum mechanics.
文摘The consideration of measuring instruments as macroscopic bodies leads to neglect of the microscopic processes that occur during measurements.This disregard is not justified in general cases.As an example of measurements using microscopic instruments,the scattering of a photon by an electron with electron interference at two slits(Compton effect)was used.The amount of information that can be obtained in such a process is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the incident photon.At large photon wavelengths(soft measurements),the pure state of the electron can be disrupted by an arbitrarily small extent;accordingly,the amount of information extracted in such an experiment is also arbitrarily small.It is shown that the energy price for a bit obtained in such a measurement tends toward a constant value for increasing the photon wavelength.Microscopic instruments can be used in situations where energy costs for measurements are important.
文摘In this paper, I show that an interpretation of quantum mechanics using two-state vector formalism proposed by Aharonov, Bergmann, and Lebowitz, can solve one of the measurement problems formulated by Maudlin. According to this interpretation, we can simultaneously insist that the wave function of a system is complete, that the wave function is determined by the Schr?dinger equation, and that the measurement of a physical quantity always has determinate outcomes, although Maudlin in his formulation of the measurement problem states that these three claims are mutually inconsistent. Further, I show that my interpretation does not contradict the uncertainty relation and the no-go theorem.
文摘Both consciousness and quantum phenomenon are subjective and indeterministic. In this paper, we propose consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. A quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) is presented based on a new interpretation of quantum physics. We show that this QTOC can address the mind and body problem, the hard problem of consciousness. It also provides a physics foundation and mathematical formulation to study consciousness and neural network. We demonstrate how to apply it to develop and extend various models of consciousness. We show the predictions from this theory about the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field and the large-scale, nearly instantaneous synchrony of brainwaves among different parts of brain, body, people, and objects. The correlation between Schumann Resonances and some brainwaves is explained. Recent progress in quantum information theory, especially regarding quantum entanglement and quantum error correction code, is applied to study memory and shed new light in neuroscience.
文摘Quantum theory according to the Copenhagen interpretation holds that, when a quantum interaction is observed (i.e., “measured”), the observer’s measuring devices temporarily become a part of the quantum system. Relativity theory holds that the event clock of the absorbed or emitted photon or graviton is frozen in time relative to all clocks outside the observed system. If we harmonize both theories, this would appear to imply that time continuity must be interrupted at each instant of observed photon or graviton interaction with matter. It is as if a segment of space-time is clipped out during each such observed interaction. If so, we must dispense with the notion of an absolutely smooth and continuous space-time and replace it with an observation-dependent, discontinuous, relativistic/quantum space-time. Mathematical physicists should be able to model this hypothesis (call it a “time-jump hypothesis”) and its inherent discontinuous space-time in their further efforts at unification.
文摘The incompatibility of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics with philosophical realism poses a serious challenge to scientists upholding such a philosophical doctrine. The desire to find a solution to this and other conceptual problems that quantum mechanics confronts has motivated many authors to propose alternative versions to Orthodox Quantum Mechanics. One of them is the Spontaneous Projection Approach, a theory grounded on philosophical realism. It has been introduced in previous papers and, with a few exceptions, it yields experimental predictions coincident with those of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics. One of these exceptions is analyzed in detail. The difference in predictions becomes apparent in a suggested experiment which could put both theories to the test.
文摘We make a brief historical revision of action-at-a-distance in quantum mechanics. Non-locality has been mostly related to systems of two particles in an entangled state. We show that this effect is also apparent in some experiments with individual particles. An easily performed experiment in this regard is introduced.
