生态空间为城市提供所需的生态系统服务,同时也受到城市发展的影响。如何在让生态空间发挥生态价值的同时,平衡人类社会对生态系统提供服务的需求成为近年来城市生态空间规划的重点。生态系统服务可以评估生态和社会价值,顺应其间的协...生态空间为城市提供所需的生态系统服务,同时也受到城市发展的影响。如何在让生态空间发挥生态价值的同时,平衡人类社会对生态系统提供服务的需求成为近年来城市生态空间规划的重点。生态系统服务可以评估生态和社会价值,顺应其间的协同关系并缓解权衡有利于进行兼顾生态和社会目标的生态空间规划。以北京市生态涵养区为例,分析关键性生态系统服务间的权衡协同关系,为不同区域分配优先保护特征,并通过低权衡、低协同和高协同3种情景,以不同灵活程度进行生态系统服务保护目标空间分配。使用Marxan with zones模型得到满足各服务保护目标的管理区划,并比较3个情景的分区结果,验证规划体系对协同权衡作用的影响。得到了3种情景下的管理区分布:低权衡情景布局偏紧凑,实现了生态系统服务间权衡最小化;从低协同到高协同情景,生态系统服务间的协同性增加;从低权衡情景到低、高协同情景,重点保护区的面积逐渐增加,生态缓冲区增加了连接性,控制发展区和集中建设区变化相对稳定,实现了生态空间多层次空间优化。最终得到的更详细的管理区划有助于指导未来生态—社会多目标生态空间规划政策的制定:即对重点保护区严格保护,加强生态缓冲区生态整治和廊道建设,以促进生态效益协同发展。在集中建设区与控制发展区引导城镇节约集约建设,减量增绿,实现社会经济绿色发展。展开更多
功能区划作为自然保护区进行科学布局和功能定位的重要手段,旨在促进生态系统服务功能的协同发挥。运用Marxan with Zones模型方法,将生态系统服务权衡分析纳入到安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区的功能区划研究,并展开情景模拟,得出不同生...功能区划作为自然保护区进行科学布局和功能定位的重要手段,旨在促进生态系统服务功能的协同发挥。运用Marxan with Zones模型方法,将生态系统服务权衡分析纳入到安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区的功能区划研究,并展开情景模拟,得出不同生态系统服务保护目标下的功能区划方案。结论如下:(1)保护区的上湖区域及其周边河流入湖区域的生物多样性和防洪蓄水价值较高;东南部林地区域的水源涵养与碳储存价值较高,食物生产价值从西北部到东南部逐渐降低;社会文化价值较高的区域主要是沿湖地带。(2)生态系统服务之间存在不同程度的权衡/协同关系,其中,生物多样性作为关键生态系统服务,与其它生态系统服务之间存在显著的权衡/协同关系,根据相关性系数大小可分为高协同关系(防洪蓄水)、低协同关系(水源涵养和社会文化)与权衡关系(碳储存和食物生产)。(3)生态系统服务权衡关系视角下的不同保护目标分配得到的功能区划情景均表现出核心区面积大幅增加的特征。此外,高协同情景下的功能区划更能兼顾多种生态系统服务,且对不同典型珍稀濒危鸟类的保护强度更大,能够总体上改善生态系统服务之间的权衡关系,提升生物多样性与防洪蓄水和水源涵养的协同关系,并降低与碳储存的权衡关系。展开更多
Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is mi...Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units(PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the im展开更多
Sustainability describes a broad set of themes centered on current human uses of the planet’s resources.The multiple uses and users of the term have led to a proliferation of salient issues and associated indicators....Sustainability describes a broad set of themes centered on current human uses of the planet’s resources.The multiple uses and users of the term have led to a proliferation of salient issues and associated indicators.We present a new method to systematically link these issues and indicators under two conceptual frameworks of sustainability in order to enable quantitative analyses.We demonstrate this approach with a specific use case focused on the global sourcing of agricultural products.We use the optimization software Marxan in a novel way to develop minimum sets of indicators that provide maximum coverage of sustainability issues.Minimum covering sets were identified and accumulation curves were developed to measure the contribution of each indicator in each set to overall issues coverage.While greater detail in the assessment of each indicator would likely provide more effective sets of indicators,those that were generated provide optimism that this approach can bring better focus to sustainability assessments.展开更多
文摘生态空间为城市提供所需的生态系统服务,同时也受到城市发展的影响。如何在让生态空间发挥生态价值的同时,平衡人类社会对生态系统提供服务的需求成为近年来城市生态空间规划的重点。生态系统服务可以评估生态和社会价值,顺应其间的协同关系并缓解权衡有利于进行兼顾生态和社会目标的生态空间规划。以北京市生态涵养区为例,分析关键性生态系统服务间的权衡协同关系,为不同区域分配优先保护特征,并通过低权衡、低协同和高协同3种情景,以不同灵活程度进行生态系统服务保护目标空间分配。使用Marxan with zones模型得到满足各服务保护目标的管理区划,并比较3个情景的分区结果,验证规划体系对协同权衡作用的影响。得到了3种情景下的管理区分布:低权衡情景布局偏紧凑,实现了生态系统服务间权衡最小化;从低协同到高协同情景,生态系统服务间的协同性增加;从低权衡情景到低、高协同情景,重点保护区的面积逐渐增加,生态缓冲区增加了连接性,控制发展区和集中建设区变化相对稳定,实现了生态空间多层次空间优化。最终得到的更详细的管理区划有助于指导未来生态—社会多目标生态空间规划政策的制定:即对重点保护区严格保护,加强生态缓冲区生态整治和廊道建设,以促进生态效益协同发展。在集中建设区与控制发展区引导城镇节约集约建设,减量增绿,实现社会经济绿色发展。
文摘功能区划作为自然保护区进行科学布局和功能定位的重要手段,旨在促进生态系统服务功能的协同发挥。运用Marxan with Zones模型方法,将生态系统服务权衡分析纳入到安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区的功能区划研究,并展开情景模拟,得出不同生态系统服务保护目标下的功能区划方案。结论如下:(1)保护区的上湖区域及其周边河流入湖区域的生物多样性和防洪蓄水价值较高;东南部林地区域的水源涵养与碳储存价值较高,食物生产价值从西北部到东南部逐渐降低;社会文化价值较高的区域主要是沿湖地带。(2)生态系统服务之间存在不同程度的权衡/协同关系,其中,生物多样性作为关键生态系统服务,与其它生态系统服务之间存在显著的权衡/协同关系,根据相关性系数大小可分为高协同关系(防洪蓄水)、低协同关系(水源涵养和社会文化)与权衡关系(碳储存和食物生产)。(3)生态系统服务权衡关系视角下的不同保护目标分配得到的功能区划情景均表现出核心区面积大幅增加的特征。此外,高协同情景下的功能区划更能兼顾多种生态系统服务,且对不同典型珍稀濒危鸟类的保护强度更大,能够总体上改善生态系统服务之间的权衡关系,提升生物多样性与防洪蓄水和水源涵养的协同关系,并降低与碳储存的权衡关系。
基金supported by fund of State Forestry Administration of China-United Nations Development Program/Global Environment Facility(83911 NP-2014-007)
文摘Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units(PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the im
基金Mars Incorporated and Kraft Foods for their generous funding of this project
文摘Sustainability describes a broad set of themes centered on current human uses of the planet’s resources.The multiple uses and users of the term have led to a proliferation of salient issues and associated indicators.We present a new method to systematically link these issues and indicators under two conceptual frameworks of sustainability in order to enable quantitative analyses.We demonstrate this approach with a specific use case focused on the global sourcing of agricultural products.We use the optimization software Marxan in a novel way to develop minimum sets of indicators that provide maximum coverage of sustainability issues.Minimum covering sets were identified and accumulation curves were developed to measure the contribution of each indicator in each set to overall issues coverage.While greater detail in the assessment of each indicator would likely provide more effective sets of indicators,those that were generated provide optimism that this approach can bring better focus to sustainability assessments.
