As a predominantly Muslim and ethnically diverse new democracy in Asia,Indo-nesia is a timely case to study how the contending forces of development and social change are reflected in changing norms and practices arou...As a predominantly Muslim and ethnically diverse new democracy in Asia,Indo-nesia is a timely case to study how the contending forces of development and social change are reflected in changing norms and practices around family formation.This paper examines the extent to which the second demographic transition(SDT)theory can provide a primary framework to understand contemporary patterns of fertility,marriage and family change in Indonesia.Against the backdrop of socio-political change following Reformasi in 1998,we found emerging demographic fea-tures typically associated with societies in later stages of fertility transition.These include fertility below replacement in some regions;increasing age at first marriage,non-marriage,and divorce rates;and growing diversity in household/family forms.As the vast regions of Indonesia is economically,culturally,and demographically heterogeneous,these key features of SDT are not likely to emerge and unfold in a uniform manner.Further,these demographic shifts are taking place amidst multi-ple tensions and contradictions in the nature and direction of ideational change per-taining to marriage and the family.We argue that the prevailing ideational change driving the shifts in marriage,fertility,and the family within Indonesia is neither unilinear nor singular in nature.Emerging ideational change embodying individual-ism,secularism,and post-materialism-originally proposed in SDT theory to be the primary drivers of fertility decline in post-industrial Western Europe-can overlap with popular values promoting de-secularization and the strengthening of familial institutions.As a demographic framework,the SDT theory is an important and use-ful starting point.But it needs to be reevaluated by considering the complex socio-political and increasingly precarious economic terrains behind fertility transition,as well as marriage and family change in post-Reformasi Indonesia.展开更多
Consequent to the spread of liberalism,individualism and sexual liberation,premarital pregnancy is gradually becoming more common in China.Data from a national reproductive history review reveal that more than 20%of C...Consequent to the spread of liberalism,individualism and sexual liberation,premarital pregnancy is gradually becoming more common in China.Data from a national reproductive history review reveal that more than 20%of Chinese women born since 1957 have experienced a premarital pregnancy,and that such pregnancies occur more frequently in younger cohorts.Although data from the second demographic transition in the West would lead us to conclude otherwise,an overwhelming majority of premarital pregnancies in China have translated into marriages.Compared with the OECD countries,China is one of several countries with a very low outof-wedlock birth rate.Premarital pregnancy points to a separation between sex and marriage,whilst the high rate of births within marriage is reflective of a strong bond between marriage and childbearing.The partial loosening of the"sex-marriagechildbearing"linkage not only lays bare the strong influence of values such as individualism,but also illustrates the exceptional resilience of China's"family"culture that continues to compel people to maintain the inherent link between childbearing and marriage.Pregnancy may occur before marriage,but childbearing is only allowed within marriage.Premarital cohabitation and premarital pregnancy mark a preparatory or transitional stage rather than alternatives to marriage and childbearing.When considering how to deal with marriage,pregnancy,and childbearing,the choices Chinese women make are informed by both the second demographic transition and China's traditional family values.展开更多
Doris Lessing is a British writer and novelist. This paper focuses on marriage in Lessing’s To Room Nineteen. In this story, Lessing legitimizes the depression that besets many women who work at home through her narr...Doris Lessing is a British writer and novelist. This paper focuses on marriage in Lessing’s To Room Nineteen. In this story, Lessing legitimizes the depression that besets many women who work at home through her narrative technique and the character of Susan.展开更多
文摘As a predominantly Muslim and ethnically diverse new democracy in Asia,Indo-nesia is a timely case to study how the contending forces of development and social change are reflected in changing norms and practices around family formation.This paper examines the extent to which the second demographic transition(SDT)theory can provide a primary framework to understand contemporary patterns of fertility,marriage and family change in Indonesia.Against the backdrop of socio-political change following Reformasi in 1998,we found emerging demographic fea-tures typically associated with societies in later stages of fertility transition.These include fertility below replacement in some regions;increasing age at first marriage,non-marriage,and divorce rates;and growing diversity in household/family forms.As the vast regions of Indonesia is economically,culturally,and demographically heterogeneous,these key features of SDT are not likely to emerge and unfold in a uniform manner.Further,these demographic shifts are taking place amidst multi-ple tensions and contradictions in the nature and direction of ideational change per-taining to marriage and the family.We argue that the prevailing ideational change driving the shifts in marriage,fertility,and the family within Indonesia is neither unilinear nor singular in nature.Emerging ideational change embodying individual-ism,secularism,and post-materialism-originally proposed in SDT theory to be the primary drivers of fertility decline in post-industrial Western Europe-can overlap with popular values promoting de-secularization and the strengthening of familial institutions.As a demographic framework,the SDT theory is an important and use-ful starting point.But it needs to be reevaluated by considering the complex socio-political and increasingly precarious economic terrains behind fertility transition,as well as marriage and family change in post-Reformasi Indonesia.
文摘Consequent to the spread of liberalism,individualism and sexual liberation,premarital pregnancy is gradually becoming more common in China.Data from a national reproductive history review reveal that more than 20%of Chinese women born since 1957 have experienced a premarital pregnancy,and that such pregnancies occur more frequently in younger cohorts.Although data from the second demographic transition in the West would lead us to conclude otherwise,an overwhelming majority of premarital pregnancies in China have translated into marriages.Compared with the OECD countries,China is one of several countries with a very low outof-wedlock birth rate.Premarital pregnancy points to a separation between sex and marriage,whilst the high rate of births within marriage is reflective of a strong bond between marriage and childbearing.The partial loosening of the"sex-marriagechildbearing"linkage not only lays bare the strong influence of values such as individualism,but also illustrates the exceptional resilience of China's"family"culture that continues to compel people to maintain the inherent link between childbearing and marriage.Pregnancy may occur before marriage,but childbearing is only allowed within marriage.Premarital cohabitation and premarital pregnancy mark a preparatory or transitional stage rather than alternatives to marriage and childbearing.When considering how to deal with marriage,pregnancy,and childbearing,the choices Chinese women make are informed by both the second demographic transition and China's traditional family values.
文摘Doris Lessing is a British writer and novelist. This paper focuses on marriage in Lessing’s To Room Nineteen. In this story, Lessing legitimizes the depression that besets many women who work at home through her narrative technique and the character of Susan.
