Knowledge of factors that are important in coral reef growth help us to understand how reef ecosystems react following major environmental disturbances due to climate change and other anthropogenic effects. This study...Knowledge of factors that are important in coral reef growth help us to understand how reef ecosystems react following major environmental disturbances due to climate change and other anthropogenic effects. This study shows that despite a range of anthropogenic stressors, corals on the fringing reefs south of Kingston harbour, as well as corals on fringing reefs on the north coast of Jamaica near Discovery Bay can survive and grow. Skewness values for Sidastrea siderea and Porites astreoides were positive (0.85 -?1.64) for all sites, implying more small colonies than large colonies. Coral growth rates are part of a demographic approach to monitoring coral reef health in times of climate change, and linear extension rates (mm.yr-1) of Acropora palmata branching corals at Dairy Bull, Rio Bueno, and Pear Tree Bottom on the north coast of Jamaica were c. 50 -?90 mm.year-1 from 2005-2012. The range of small-scale rugosities at the Port Royal cay sites studied was lower than that at the Discovery Bay sites;for example Rio Bueno was 1.05 ± 0.15 and Dairy Bull the most rugose at 2.3 ± 0.16. Diary Bull reef has for several years been the fringing reef with the most coral cover, with a benthic community similar to that of the 1970s. We discuss whether Jamaica can learn from methods used in other Caribbean countries to better protect its coral reefs against climate change. Establishing and maintaining fully-protected marine parks in Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean is one tool to help the future of the fishing industry in developing countries. Developing MPAs as part of an overall climate change policy for a country may be the best way of integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation.展开更多
The Ross Sea region is a biologically rich and dynamic environment and,although protected under various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System,is threatened by a changing climate and increasing human activities lo...The Ross Sea region is a biologically rich and dynamic environment and,although protected under various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System,is threatened by a changing climate and increasing human activities locally and globally.This opinion editorial describes the importance of research and monitoring in the Ross Sea and identifies opportunities and barriers to enhance them.展开更多
利用MPAS-A(The Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere)模式设计了中东太平洋热带辐合带CEP-ITCZ(Intertropical Convergence Zone over Central and Eastern Pacific)对两类厄尔尼诺SST(Sea Surface Temperature)异常的敏感...利用MPAS-A(The Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere)模式设计了中东太平洋热带辐合带CEP-ITCZ(Intertropical Convergence Zone over Central and Eastern Pacific)对两类厄尔尼诺SST(Sea Surface Temperature)异常的敏感性试验,通过试验结果与两类厄尔尼诺年实际大气异常的对比,初步解释了CEP-ITCZ在两类厄尔尼诺年产生不同异常的可能原因。通过CP-EL试验发现,热带太平洋SST异常的第一模态会使中东太平洋低层风场辐合增强,但对辐合带的位置影响不大,与中部型厄尔尼诺对CEP-ITCZ的影响基本一致。通过EP-EL试验发现,热带太平洋SST异常的第二模态会使中东太平洋低层风场产生较大异常,辐合带中心向南移动,辐合带明显减弱增宽,与东部型厄尔尼诺对CEP-ITCZ的影响基本一致。展开更多
The paper is concerned with the development of a comprehensive methodology to establish a MPAs （marine protected areas） network in the Black Sea and Azov Sea region. Scientific basis to rationale establish that the ...The paper is concerned with the development of a comprehensive methodology to establish a MPAs （marine protected areas） network in the Black Sea and Azov Sea region. Scientific basis to rationale establish that the MPAs network is a complex system of landscape zoning and mapping, defining their variability, sustainability, and geo-ecological condition, and taking into account evaluation of degradation of the underwater landscape over the past 100 years.展开更多
南极海洋保护区是南极国际治理中的最新议题。2009年英国提议的南奥克尼群岛海洋保护区获准设立。近年来,围绕美国与新西兰提议的罗斯海保护区以及法国、澳大利亚和欧盟等提议的东南极保护区建议,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)成...南极海洋保护区是南极国际治理中的最新议题。2009年英国提议的南奥克尼群岛海洋保护区获准设立。近年来,围绕美国与新西兰提议的罗斯海保护区以及法国、澳大利亚和欧盟等提议的东南极保护区建议,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)成员方就新的南极海洋保护区的设立与管理展开了新一轮的利益角逐与政治博弈。争议焦点集中于南极海洋保护区的合法性、必要性与可行性等问题,集中反映了国际社会在海洋生物资源养护与合理利用、人类当代利益与后代利益、粮食安全与可持续发展等合法利益之间的平衡与取舍。作为联合国海洋法公约、生物多样性公约的成员国以及南极国际治理的重要参与者,我国应当充分利用CCAMLR协商一致的决策机制,积极参与南极海洋保护区这一新的南极治理规则的制定,努力引导其朝着有利于维护南极条约体系稳定以及我国南极重大利益的方向发展。目前,我国应将谈判重心从南极MPA设立的合法性转向其设立与管理的科学性与必要性,以C C AM LR确立的"生态系统方法"、"风险预防方法"以及"最佳科学依据"为依托,在利益平衡基础上完善现有提案;同时,在加大南大洋科考力度的前提下,适时选取具备保护价值的海域,提出我国的南极M PA提案,从而维护我国在南极条约体系中的核心利益与大国地位。展开更多
文摘通过多协议波长交换MtλS(Multi-Protocol Lainbda Switching)技术向副载波域的延伸,该文提出了一种全新的宽带光网络技术方案以期实现电视网与Internet网的高效融合——基于副载波标签和交换接口的多协议副载波/波长标签交换网络.利用新型复合标签,在独特的副载波/波长双层交换结构的基础上,实现了多层互动的流量工程和灵活的服务质量QoS(Quality of Service)保证,有效利用了波长资源.同时给出了双层标签交换机的框架结构,分析了其性能,并指出了该方案面临的关键问题及相关解决途径.
文摘Knowledge of factors that are important in coral reef growth help us to understand how reef ecosystems react following major environmental disturbances due to climate change and other anthropogenic effects. This study shows that despite a range of anthropogenic stressors, corals on the fringing reefs south of Kingston harbour, as well as corals on fringing reefs on the north coast of Jamaica near Discovery Bay can survive and grow. Skewness values for Sidastrea siderea and Porites astreoides were positive (0.85 -?1.64) for all sites, implying more small colonies than large colonies. Coral growth rates are part of a demographic approach to monitoring coral reef health in times of climate change, and linear extension rates (mm.yr-1) of Acropora palmata branching corals at Dairy Bull, Rio Bueno, and Pear Tree Bottom on the north coast of Jamaica were c. 50 -?90 mm.year-1 from 2005-2012. The range of small-scale rugosities at the Port Royal cay sites studied was lower than that at the Discovery Bay sites;for example Rio Bueno was 1.05 ± 0.15 and Dairy Bull the most rugose at 2.3 ± 0.16. Diary Bull reef has for several years been the fringing reef with the most coral cover, with a benthic community similar to that of the 1970s. We discuss whether Jamaica can learn from methods used in other Caribbean countries to better protect its coral reefs against climate change. Establishing and maintaining fully-protected marine parks in Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean is one tool to help the future of the fishing industry in developing countries. Developing MPAs as part of an overall climate change policy for a country may be the best way of integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation.
基金funded by the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (www.asoc.org)
文摘The Ross Sea region is a biologically rich and dynamic environment and,although protected under various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System,is threatened by a changing climate and increasing human activities locally and globally.This opinion editorial describes the importance of research and monitoring in the Ross Sea and identifies opportunities and barriers to enhance them.
文摘利用MPAS-A(The Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere)模式设计了中东太平洋热带辐合带CEP-ITCZ(Intertropical Convergence Zone over Central and Eastern Pacific)对两类厄尔尼诺SST(Sea Surface Temperature)异常的敏感性试验,通过试验结果与两类厄尔尼诺年实际大气异常的对比,初步解释了CEP-ITCZ在两类厄尔尼诺年产生不同异常的可能原因。通过CP-EL试验发现,热带太平洋SST异常的第一模态会使中东太平洋低层风场辐合增强,但对辐合带的位置影响不大,与中部型厄尔尼诺对CEP-ITCZ的影响基本一致。通过EP-EL试验发现,热带太平洋SST异常的第二模态会使中东太平洋低层风场产生较大异常,辐合带中心向南移动,辐合带明显减弱增宽,与东部型厄尔尼诺对CEP-ITCZ的影响基本一致。
文摘The paper is concerned with the development of a comprehensive methodology to establish a MPAs （marine protected areas） network in the Black Sea and Azov Sea region. Scientific basis to rationale establish that the MPAs network is a complex system of landscape zoning and mapping, defining their variability, sustainability, and geo-ecological condition, and taking into account evaluation of degradation of the underwater landscape over the past 100 years.
文摘南极海洋保护区是南极国际治理中的最新议题。2009年英国提议的南奥克尼群岛海洋保护区获准设立。近年来,围绕美国与新西兰提议的罗斯海保护区以及法国、澳大利亚和欧盟等提议的东南极保护区建议,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)成员方就新的南极海洋保护区的设立与管理展开了新一轮的利益角逐与政治博弈。争议焦点集中于南极海洋保护区的合法性、必要性与可行性等问题,集中反映了国际社会在海洋生物资源养护与合理利用、人类当代利益与后代利益、粮食安全与可持续发展等合法利益之间的平衡与取舍。作为联合国海洋法公约、生物多样性公约的成员国以及南极国际治理的重要参与者,我国应当充分利用CCAMLR协商一致的决策机制,积极参与南极海洋保护区这一新的南极治理规则的制定,努力引导其朝着有利于维护南极条约体系稳定以及我国南极重大利益的方向发展。目前,我国应将谈判重心从南极MPA设立的合法性转向其设立与管理的科学性与必要性,以C C AM LR确立的"生态系统方法"、"风险预防方法"以及"最佳科学依据"为依托,在利益平衡基础上完善现有提案;同时,在加大南大洋科考力度的前提下,适时选取具备保护价值的海域,提出我国的南极M PA提案,从而维护我国在南极条约体系中的核心利益与大国地位。
