This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structur...This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structured database and developed a set of digital management information system on milking process of intensive dairy farm using Visual Basic 6.0, Access databases, and Crystal report combining the milking characteristics of a grown cow, such as quality and sanitation testing indexes of raw milk. The system supplies a series of convenient, intelligent input interfaces of crude datum, and can count, analyze, and graphically show milking datum based on different types and different parities of cows or herds in a specific duration, and can dynamically produce some important derived data, such as days of grown cow, daily average of milk production of grown cow, days of cow milk production, and daily average of milking cow production; and can carry out all-pervasive data mining. With the help of system analysis and software design techniques, it is possible to realize precision farming for a dairy cattle herd based on whole digital management of milking process and realtime prediction on nutrient requirements and ration of dairy cattle, as well as dairy herd improvement.展开更多
The milk protein polymorphisms were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)from 109 Maiwa and 100 Jiulong yaks, and the relationships among milk protein polymorphisms,milking traits and milk protein composi...The milk protein polymorphisms were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)from 109 Maiwa and 100 Jiulong yaks, and the relationships among milk protein polymorphisms,milking traits and milk protein compositions were studied. The results showed thatβ-CN,κ-CN andα-La were monomorphic,αs1-CN andβ-Lg were polymorphic, the dominantgenes were αs1-CN D and β-Lg E,respectively. The frequencies of αs1-CN D were 0.8073and 0.6000 and β-Lg E were 0.9770 and 0.9700 in two populations respectively.The meanheterozygosities were 0.1021 and 0.1867 in two populations. No significant effects onmilking traits and milk protein compositions were observed except for αs1-CN locus onfat percentage in Jiulong yak.展开更多
Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention ...Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention and control of mastitis is based on multiple principles that have been known for a long time. To implement them successfully, they should be put forward by a motivated and motivating advisor that transfers the existing knowledge to the farmer. When the changes are data-driven, applied by an encouraged farmer through a farm-specific implementation, prevention and control of mastitis will be successful and result in happy cows, happy farmers, happy advisors, happy consumers, and a happy industry. Nationwide projects focussing on communication and transfer of existing knowledge in prevention and control are very helpful in reaching high numbers of farmers and advisors and harmonizing the message brought by different parties. This paper gives an overview of multifactorial approach of mastitis management and prevention with a focus on milking, bedding and data-analysis.展开更多
Automatic milking systems(AMS) were designed to replace existing, labor-intensive machine milking and are an area of rapid development in modern dairy farming. The popularity of AMS lies in the convenience of manageme...Automatic milking systems(AMS) were designed to replace existing, labor-intensive machine milking and are an area of rapid development in modern dairy farming. The popularity of AMS lies in the convenience of management, decreasing workloads and the consistency of milking compared with non-automated machine milking. Nevertheless, this innovation has not been reviewed comprehensively and the practical benefits of AMS are still unclear. This review gives a brief overview of the historical development of milking machines and the workflow process of state-of-the-art AMS. In addition, a series of comparisons between AMS and current milking machines are made with respect to labor savings, quality parameters, udder health, herd behavior and mastitis detection and are summarized on the basis of relevant studies to show the benefits of the technological changes achieved by AMS. Finally, this review addresses several deficiencies in the technology and procedures of current AMS that need to be improved and also assesses recent advances in milking techniques with a particular focus on their potential for application in AMS.展开更多
Development status of dairy industry in Sichuan Province,China is analyzed,indicating that how to ensure the high-quality and ecological production of peasant households has become an important issue for the safety an...Development status of dairy industry in Sichuan Province,China is analyzed,indicating that how to ensure the high-quality and ecological production of peasant households has become an important issue for the safety and healthy of the masses and the development of dairy industry.Game model is established and the solution for the model is obtained.Based on analyzing the relationship of the interests between the dairy farmer and the company in ecological agriculture,two mixed strategies of Nash equilibrium are obtained.One is that when the probability is equal to α*1,there are no differences between purchasing or not purchasing;if the probability of company purchase is equal to β*1,there are no differences between producing high-quality milk and poor-quality milk.The other is that if the probability of dairy farmer under normal transaction is equal to α*2,there are no differences for the company to select high-quality inspection or low-quality inspection;if the probability of high-quality inspection is equal to β*2,passing off inferior milk as high-grade one has no differences with normal transaction.Therefore,moral risk of the dairy farmer should be prevented by probability β*1 and high-quality inspection.Finally,countermeasures are put forward,such as reducing the risk of transaction,ensuring the basic interest of the dairy farmer engaged in ecological production,intensifying the supervision,correctly preventing the moral risk of dairy farmer,improving the laws and regulations,and coordinating interests between dairy farmer and company in industrial chain.展开更多
Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to...Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC), umbilical cord milking (UCM), and immediate cord clamping (ICC) on very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: At our institution, ICC was routinely done until December, 2012 when it was replaced by DCC. UCM was implemented in March, 2015. Neonatal outcomes were compared among ICC, DCC, and UCM. Results: A total of 94 neonates met inclusion criteria. Comparing with ICC neonates, DCC and UCM neonates had higher hematocrits, fewer blood transfusions, and lower incidence of chronic lung disease at 36 completed weeks of gestation. All groups were similar in APGAR scores, vasopressor use, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Conclusion: Compared to ICC, DCC and UCM appear to be more beneficial to VLBW neonates without apparent adverse risks.展开更多
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopt...BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopted at some tertiary neonatal centers for preterm infants to enhance placental-to-fetal transfusion.It is not suggested for babies less than 28 wk of gestational age because it is associated with severe brain hemorrhage.For late preterm or term infants who do not require resuscitation,cord management is recommended to increase iron levels and prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia,which is associated with impaired motor development,behavioral problems,and cognitive delays.Concerns remain about whether UCM increases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.However,there are very few reports of late preterm infants presenting with neonatal hemorrhage stroke(NHS)and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM.Here,we report a case of a late preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation.She abruptly deteriorated,exhibiting signs and symptoms of NHS and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM on the first day of life.CASE SUMMARY A female preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation received UCM after birth.She was small for her gestational age and described as vigorous with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one minute and five minutes of life,respectively.After hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit,she showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis.The baby was administered glucose and sodium bicarbonate infusions.Intramuscular vitamin K1 was also used to prevent vitamin K deficiency.The baby developed umbilical cord bleeding and gastric bleeding on day 1 of life;a physical examination showed bilateral conjunctival hemorrhage,and a blood test showed thrombocytopenia,prolonged prothrombin time,prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time,low fibrinogen,raised D-dimer levels and anemia.A subsequent cranial ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a left parenchymal brain hemorrhage with ext展开更多
BACKGROUND Myocardial bridging is a common anatomical malformation,and the milking effect is a characteristic phenomenon of myocardial bridging in coronary angiography.Generally,the phenomenon is invariable.However,th...BACKGROUND Myocardial bridging is a common anatomical malformation,and the milking effect is a characteristic phenomenon of myocardial bridging in coronary angiography.Generally,the phenomenon is invariable.However,this article reports an inconceivably rare myocardial bridging phenomenon that breaks through our conventional views.The milking effect changed obviously in two coronary angiography examinations,which subverted the traditional deep-rooted view of the myocardial bridging phenomenon and revealed the limitations of coronary angiography in diagnosing myocardial bridging and judging the prognosis of it.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old man was diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and received primary percutaneous coronary intervention on December 26,2019.His heart rate was 104 beats per minute,and blood pressure was 15.3/10.3 kPa.A severe milking effect was found in the left anterior descending coronary artery during his index coronary angiography on January 14,2020.The patient was given intensive medical management,including aβ1-adrenergic receptor blocker,during hospitalization and after discharge.Unexpectedly,coronary angiography showed that the previous impressive milking effect was dramatically alleviated(close to normal)at the follow-up on October 13,2020.At that moment,the patient’s heart rate was 83 beats per minute,and blood pressure was 12.7/8.0 kPa.CONCLUSION The myocardial bridging phenomenon is not invariable and,in certain circumstances,may vary.Furthermore,the autonomic nervous system may be involved in the myocardial bridging phenomenon.展开更多
基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th-Five-Year Plan period(2006BAD10A02-2)
文摘This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structured database and developed a set of digital management information system on milking process of intensive dairy farm using Visual Basic 6.0, Access databases, and Crystal report combining the milking characteristics of a grown cow, such as quality and sanitation testing indexes of raw milk. The system supplies a series of convenient, intelligent input interfaces of crude datum, and can count, analyze, and graphically show milking datum based on different types and different parities of cows or herds in a specific duration, and can dynamically produce some important derived data, such as days of grown cow, daily average of milk production of grown cow, days of cow milk production, and daily average of milking cow production; and can carry out all-pervasive data mining. With the help of system analysis and software design techniques, it is possible to realize precision farming for a dairy cattle herd based on whole digital management of milking process and realtime prediction on nutrient requirements and ration of dairy cattle, as well as dairy herd improvement.
基金supported by the Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(39870607).
文摘The milk protein polymorphisms were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)from 109 Maiwa and 100 Jiulong yaks, and the relationships among milk protein polymorphisms,milking traits and milk protein compositions were studied. The results showed thatβ-CN,κ-CN andα-La were monomorphic,αs1-CN andβ-Lg were polymorphic, the dominantgenes were αs1-CN D and β-Lg E,respectively. The frequencies of αs1-CN D were 0.8073and 0.6000 and β-Lg E were 0.9770 and 0.9700 in two populations respectively.The meanheterozygosities were 0.1021 and 0.1867 in two populations. No significant effects onmilking traits and milk protein compositions were observed except for αs1-CN locus onfat percentage in Jiulong yak.
文摘Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention and control of mastitis is based on multiple principles that have been known for a long time. To implement them successfully, they should be put forward by a motivated and motivating advisor that transfers the existing knowledge to the farmer. When the changes are data-driven, applied by an encouraged farmer through a farm-specific implementation, prevention and control of mastitis will be successful and result in happy cows, happy farmers, happy advisors, happy consumers, and a happy industry. Nationwide projects focussing on communication and transfer of existing knowledge in prevention and control are very helpful in reaching high numbers of farmers and advisors and harmonizing the message brought by different parties. This paper gives an overview of multifactorial approach of mastitis management and prevention with a focus on milking, bedding and data-analysis.
基金supported financially by the China National Science and Technology Support Program (2012BAK08B04)
文摘Automatic milking systems(AMS) were designed to replace existing, labor-intensive machine milking and are an area of rapid development in modern dairy farming. The popularity of AMS lies in the convenience of management, decreasing workloads and the consistency of milking compared with non-automated machine milking. Nevertheless, this innovation has not been reviewed comprehensively and the practical benefits of AMS are still unclear. This review gives a brief overview of the historical development of milking machines and the workflow process of state-of-the-art AMS. In addition, a series of comparisons between AMS and current milking machines are made with respect to labor savings, quality parameters, udder health, herd behavior and mastitis detection and are summarized on the basis of relevant studies to show the benefits of the technological changes achieved by AMS. Finally, this review addresses several deficiencies in the technology and procedures of current AMS that need to be improved and also assesses recent advances in milking techniques with a particular focus on their potential for application in AMS.
基金Supported by the Philosophy and Social Science Project of SichuanProvince(SC09B033)
文摘Development status of dairy industry in Sichuan Province,China is analyzed,indicating that how to ensure the high-quality and ecological production of peasant households has become an important issue for the safety and healthy of the masses and the development of dairy industry.Game model is established and the solution for the model is obtained.Based on analyzing the relationship of the interests between the dairy farmer and the company in ecological agriculture,two mixed strategies of Nash equilibrium are obtained.One is that when the probability is equal to α*1,there are no differences between purchasing or not purchasing;if the probability of company purchase is equal to β*1,there are no differences between producing high-quality milk and poor-quality milk.The other is that if the probability of dairy farmer under normal transaction is equal to α*2,there are no differences for the company to select high-quality inspection or low-quality inspection;if the probability of high-quality inspection is equal to β*2,passing off inferior milk as high-grade one has no differences with normal transaction.Therefore,moral risk of the dairy farmer should be prevented by probability β*1 and high-quality inspection.Finally,countermeasures are put forward,such as reducing the risk of transaction,ensuring the basic interest of the dairy farmer engaged in ecological production,intensifying the supervision,correctly preventing the moral risk of dairy farmer,improving the laws and regulations,and coordinating interests between dairy farmer and company in industrial chain.
文摘Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC), umbilical cord milking (UCM), and immediate cord clamping (ICC) on very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: At our institution, ICC was routinely done until December, 2012 when it was replaced by DCC. UCM was implemented in March, 2015. Neonatal outcomes were compared among ICC, DCC, and UCM. Results: A total of 94 neonates met inclusion criteria. Comparing with ICC neonates, DCC and UCM neonates had higher hematocrits, fewer blood transfusions, and lower incidence of chronic lung disease at 36 completed weeks of gestation. All groups were similar in APGAR scores, vasopressor use, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Conclusion: Compared to ICC, DCC and UCM appear to be more beneficial to VLBW neonates without apparent adverse risks.
基金Supported by Zhejiang Province Medical Science and Technology Foundation of China,No.2021PY057.
文摘BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopted at some tertiary neonatal centers for preterm infants to enhance placental-to-fetal transfusion.It is not suggested for babies less than 28 wk of gestational age because it is associated with severe brain hemorrhage.For late preterm or term infants who do not require resuscitation,cord management is recommended to increase iron levels and prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia,which is associated with impaired motor development,behavioral problems,and cognitive delays.Concerns remain about whether UCM increases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.However,there are very few reports of late preterm infants presenting with neonatal hemorrhage stroke(NHS)and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM.Here,we report a case of a late preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation.She abruptly deteriorated,exhibiting signs and symptoms of NHS and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM on the first day of life.CASE SUMMARY A female preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation received UCM after birth.She was small for her gestational age and described as vigorous with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one minute and five minutes of life,respectively.After hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit,she showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis.The baby was administered glucose and sodium bicarbonate infusions.Intramuscular vitamin K1 was also used to prevent vitamin K deficiency.The baby developed umbilical cord bleeding and gastric bleeding on day 1 of life;a physical examination showed bilateral conjunctival hemorrhage,and a blood test showed thrombocytopenia,prolonged prothrombin time,prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time,low fibrinogen,raised D-dimer levels and anemia.A subsequent cranial ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a left parenchymal brain hemorrhage with ext
基金Supported by the CACMS Innovation Fund,No.CI2021A00901。
文摘BACKGROUND Myocardial bridging is a common anatomical malformation,and the milking effect is a characteristic phenomenon of myocardial bridging in coronary angiography.Generally,the phenomenon is invariable.However,this article reports an inconceivably rare myocardial bridging phenomenon that breaks through our conventional views.The milking effect changed obviously in two coronary angiography examinations,which subverted the traditional deep-rooted view of the myocardial bridging phenomenon and revealed the limitations of coronary angiography in diagnosing myocardial bridging and judging the prognosis of it.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old man was diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and received primary percutaneous coronary intervention on December 26,2019.His heart rate was 104 beats per minute,and blood pressure was 15.3/10.3 kPa.A severe milking effect was found in the left anterior descending coronary artery during his index coronary angiography on January 14,2020.The patient was given intensive medical management,including aβ1-adrenergic receptor blocker,during hospitalization and after discharge.Unexpectedly,coronary angiography showed that the previous impressive milking effect was dramatically alleviated(close to normal)at the follow-up on October 13,2020.At that moment,the patient’s heart rate was 83 beats per minute,and blood pressure was 12.7/8.0 kPa.CONCLUSION The myocardial bridging phenomenon is not invariable and,in certain circumstances,may vary.Furthermore,the autonomic nervous system may be involved in the myocardial bridging phenomenon.
