氮淋溶是氮素损失的主要途径之一,土壤硝态氮通过淋溶进入水体会造成人体中毒和水体富营养化,对人体健康和生态环境产生严重危害。为探明我国冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系化肥施氮量、作物种类和监测方法等因素对硝态氮淋溶量的影响,利用中国...氮淋溶是氮素损失的主要途径之一,土壤硝态氮通过淋溶进入水体会造成人体中毒和水体富营养化,对人体健康和生态环境产生严重危害。为探明我国冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系化肥施氮量、作物种类和监测方法等因素对硝态氮淋溶量的影响,利用中国知网期刊全文数据库(CNKI)和Web of Science核心合集英文数据库(WoS),收集1980—2020年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系硝态氮淋溶领域的相关文献,采用回归方程和T检验等统计学方法分析不同施氮水平、作物种类和监测方法对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,随着化肥施氮量的增加,小麦季和玉米季硝态氮淋溶量均呈指数增长趋势。小麦季和玉米季平均施氮量差异不显著,但小麦季硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率显著低于玉米季(P<0.01)。在施氮量接近的条件下,采用渗漏计法和溶液提取器法测得的硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率没有显著差异,两种方法均可作为监测硝态氮淋溶的可靠方法在田间应用。回归方程对施氮量和硝态氮淋溶量的拟合在施氮量低于300 kg∙hm^(−2)时较好,随着施氮量的增加拟合精确度降低。玉米季硝态氮淋溶风险大于小麦季,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中玉米季的硝态氮淋溶现象需要引起重视。展开更多
Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies...Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources (15N-(NH4)2SO4 and 15N-labeled milk vetch) were applied to two contrasting paddies: one derived from Xiashu loess (Loess) and one from Quaternary red clay (Clay). Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m-2 h-1 and 2.2 mg C m-2 h-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.展开更多
Proper application of nitrogen（N） fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency（NUE）. A lysimeter/rain ...Proper application of nitrogen（N） fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency（NUE）. A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons（response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE）. Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha^-1 rate in 2011–2012（season 3）. In terms of grain yield（GY）, dry matter（DM） or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010（season 1）, yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake（NU） were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.展开更多
文摘氮淋溶是氮素损失的主要途径之一,土壤硝态氮通过淋溶进入水体会造成人体中毒和水体富营养化,对人体健康和生态环境产生严重危害。为探明我国冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系化肥施氮量、作物种类和监测方法等因素对硝态氮淋溶量的影响,利用中国知网期刊全文数据库(CNKI)和Web of Science核心合集英文数据库(WoS),收集1980—2020年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系硝态氮淋溶领域的相关文献,采用回归方程和T检验等统计学方法分析不同施氮水平、作物种类和监测方法对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,随着化肥施氮量的增加,小麦季和玉米季硝态氮淋溶量均呈指数增长趋势。小麦季和玉米季平均施氮量差异不显著,但小麦季硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率显著低于玉米季(P<0.01)。在施氮量接近的条件下,采用渗漏计法和溶液提取器法测得的硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率没有显著差异,两种方法均可作为监测硝态氮淋溶的可靠方法在田间应用。回归方程对施氮量和硝态氮淋溶量的拟合在施氮量低于300 kg∙hm^(−2)时较好,随着施氮量的增加拟合精确度降低。玉米季硝态氮淋溶风险大于小麦季,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中玉米季的硝态氮淋溶现象需要引起重视。
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30390080 and 30390081).
文摘Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources (15N-(NH4)2SO4 and 15N-labeled milk vetch) were applied to two contrasting paddies: one derived from Xiashu loess (Loess) and one from Quaternary red clay (Clay). Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m-2 h-1 and 2.2 mg C m-2 h-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31171497)the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme(NUE-CROPS 222645)+3 种基金the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2013BAD07B06-2)the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System(CARS-02)the Shandong Province Agricultural (Maize) Breeding Project, China(lnlzz2013-1)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201203096, 201203100)
文摘Proper application of nitrogen（N） fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency（NUE）. A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons（response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE）. Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha^-1 rate in 2011–2012（season 3）. In terms of grain yield（GY）, dry matter（DM） or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010（season 1）, yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake（NU） were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.
