Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic ...Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most prevalent cancers globally.In contrast to the declining death rates observed for all other common cancers such as breast,lung,and prostate cancers,the death rates for HC...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most prevalent cancers globally.In contrast to the declining death rates observed for all other common cancers such as breast,lung,and prostate cancers,the death rates for HCC continue to increase by^2e3%per year because HCC is frequently diagnosed late and there is no curative therapy for an advanced HCC.The early diagnosis of HCC is truly a big challenge.Over the past years,the early diagnosis of HCC has relied on surveillance with ultrasonography(US)and serological assessments of alpha-fetoprotein(AFP).However,the specificity and sensitivity of US/AFP is not satisfactory enough to detect early onset HCC.Recent technological advancements offer hope for early HCC diagnosis.Herein,we review the progress made in HCC diagnostics,with a focus on emerging imaging techniques and biomarkers for early disease diagnosis.展开更多
Planar and ultrathin liquid crystal(LC)polarization optical elements have found promising applications in augmented reality(AR),virtual reality(VR),and photonic devices.In this paper,we give a comprehensive review on ...Planar and ultrathin liquid crystal(LC)polarization optical elements have found promising applications in augmented reality(AR),virtual reality(VR),and photonic devices.In this paper,we give a comprehensive review on the operation principles,device fabrication,and performance of these optical elements.Optical simulations methods for optimizing the device performance are discussed in detail.Finally,some potential applications of these devices in AR and VR systems are illustrated and analyzed.展开更多
This paper describes the fundamentals of phase-only liquid crystal on silicon(LCOS)technology,which have not been previously discussed in detail.This technology is widely utilized in high efficiency applications for r...This paper describes the fundamentals of phase-only liquid crystal on silicon(LCOS)technology,which have not been previously discussed in detail.This technology is widely utilized in high efficiency applications for real-time holography and diffractive optics.The paper begins with a brief introduction on the developmental trajectory of phase-only LCOS technology,followed by the correct selection of liquid crystal(LC)materials and corresponding electro-optic effects in such devices.Attention is focused on the essential requirements of the physical aspects of the LC layer as well as the indispensable parameters for the response time of the device.Furthermore,the basic functionalities embedded in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)silicon backplane for phase-only LCOS devices are illustrated,including two typical addressing schemes.Finally,the application of phase-only LCOS devices in real-time holography will be introduced in association with the use of cutting-edge computer-generated holograms.展开更多
The microphysical properties of a long-lasting heavy fog event are examined based on the results from a comprehensive field campaign conducted during the winter of 2006 at Pancheng （32.2°N, 118.7°E）, Jiang...The microphysical properties of a long-lasting heavy fog event are examined based on the results from a comprehensive field campaign conducted during the winter of 2006 at Pancheng （32.2°N, 118.7°E）, Jiangsu Province, China. It is demonstrated that the key microphysical properties （liquid water content, fog droplet concentration, mean radius and standard deviation） exhibited positive correlations with one another in general, and that the 5-min-average maximum value of fog liquid water content was sometimes greater than 0.5 g m-3. Further analysis shows that the unique combination of positive correlations likely arose from the simultaneous supply of moist air and fog condensation nuclei associated with the advection of warm air, which further led to high liquid water content. High values of liquid water content and droplet concentration conspired to cause low visibility （〈50 m） for a prolonged period of about 40 h. Examination of the microphysical relationships conditioned by the corresponding autoconversion threshold functions shows that the collision-coalescence process was sometimes likely to occur, weakening the positive correlations induced by droplet activation and condensational growth. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be described well by the Gamma distribution.展开更多
文摘Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most prevalent cancers globally.In contrast to the declining death rates observed for all other common cancers such as breast,lung,and prostate cancers,the death rates for HCC continue to increase by^2e3%per year because HCC is frequently diagnosed late and there is no curative therapy for an advanced HCC.The early diagnosis of HCC is truly a big challenge.Over the past years,the early diagnosis of HCC has relied on surveillance with ultrasonography(US)and serological assessments of alpha-fetoprotein(AFP).However,the specificity and sensitivity of US/AFP is not satisfactory enough to detect early onset HCC.Recent technological advancements offer hope for early HCC diagnosis.Herein,we review the progress made in HCC diagnostics,with a focus on emerging imaging techniques and biomarkers for early disease diagnosis.
文摘Planar and ultrathin liquid crystal(LC)polarization optical elements have found promising applications in augmented reality(AR),virtual reality(VR),and photonic devices.In this paper,we give a comprehensive review on the operation principles,device fabrication,and performance of these optical elements.Optical simulations methods for optimizing the device performance are discussed in detail.Finally,some potential applications of these devices in AR and VR systems are illustrated and analyzed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61307077)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4144076)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2013M530613)This work was also supported by an EPSRC Platform Grant for LC Photonics(EP/F00897X/1).
文摘This paper describes the fundamentals of phase-only liquid crystal on silicon(LCOS)technology,which have not been previously discussed in detail.This technology is widely utilized in high efficiency applications for real-time holography and diffractive optics.The paper begins with a brief introduction on the developmental trajectory of phase-only LCOS technology,followed by the correct selection of liquid crystal(LC)materials and corresponding electro-optic effects in such devices.Attention is focused on the essential requirements of the physical aspects of the LC layer as well as the indispensable parameters for the response time of the device.Furthermore,the basic functionalities embedded in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)silicon backplane for phase-only LCOS devices are illustrated,including two typical addressing schemes.Finally,the application of phase-only LCOS devices in real-time holography will be introduced in association with the use of cutting-edge computer-generated holograms.
基金mainly provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40537034 and 40775012)the Natural Science Fund for Universities in Jiangsu Province(Grant Nos. 06KJA17021 and 08KJA170002)+1 种基金the Meteorology Fund of the Ministry of Science and Technology [Grant No. GYHY (QX) 2007-6-26]the Qing-Lan Project for cloud-fog-precipitation-aerosol study in Jiangsu Province and the Graduate Student Innovation Plan in the Universities of Jiangsu Province (CX09B 226Z)
文摘The microphysical properties of a long-lasting heavy fog event are examined based on the results from a comprehensive field campaign conducted during the winter of 2006 at Pancheng （32.2°N, 118.7°E）, Jiangsu Province, China. It is demonstrated that the key microphysical properties （liquid water content, fog droplet concentration, mean radius and standard deviation） exhibited positive correlations with one another in general, and that the 5-min-average maximum value of fog liquid water content was sometimes greater than 0.5 g m-3. Further analysis shows that the unique combination of positive correlations likely arose from the simultaneous supply of moist air and fog condensation nuclei associated with the advection of warm air, which further led to high liquid water content. High values of liquid water content and droplet concentration conspired to cause low visibility （〈50 m） for a prolonged period of about 40 h. Examination of the microphysical relationships conditioned by the corresponding autoconversion threshold functions shows that the collision-coalescence process was sometimes likely to occur, weakening the positive correlations induced by droplet activation and condensational growth. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be described well by the Gamma distribution.
