The Lamb shift of a quantum emitter in close proximity to a plasmonic nanostructure can be three or more orders of magnitude larger than that in the free space and is ultra-sensitive to the emitter position and polari...The Lamb shift of a quantum emitter in close proximity to a plasmonic nanostructure can be three or more orders of magnitude larger than that in the free space and is ultra-sensitive to the emitter position and polarization.We demonstrate that this large Lamb shift can be sensitively observed from the scattering or absorption spectrum dip shift of the coupled system when the plasmonic nanoparticle or tip scans the emitter.Using these observations,we propose a scanning optical scattering imaging method based on the plasmonic-enhanced Lamb shift with achieves sub-nanometer resolution.Our method is based on the scattering or absorption spectrum of the plasmon-emitter coupling system,which is free of the fluorescence quenching problem and easier to implement in a plasmon-emitter coupling system.In addition,our scheme works even if the quantum emitter is slightly below the dielectric surface,which can bring about broader applications,such as detecting atoms and molecules or quantum dots above or under a surface.展开更多
Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneou...Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneously distributed over its circumference and rotates at a constant velocity. The charge creates an electrostatic field. Its rotation represents a current that creates a magnetic field. Balance between the electric and magnetic forces ensures stability. This requires a marginal radial extension of the loop that makes the particle two-dimensional. In the near vicinity of two equal concentric current loops the axial attractive magnetic force compensates for the axial repelling electrostatic force. This discovery explains the weak (electron) and strong (proton) nuclear forces. Electron and proton have normal magnetic moments. The measured “anomalies” indicate the existence of a hidden rotational kinetic energy caused by rotation of the annular particle mass. So, there are four natural forces: electric, magnetic, kinetic, and gravitational. This knowledge makes the search for the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) trivial. The discovered rotational energy affects Einstein’s and Planck’s energy equations and leads to the exact calculation of the Lamb shifts and the binding energies of the hydrogen-like atoms. The theory predicts stable multiple particles and explains the Cooper Pair. For the first time the Planck mass and the gravitational constant are analytically calculated at high accuracy.展开更多
New unification theories predict large extra dimensions （LEDs）. If that is the case, gravity would be stronger at short ranges than what Newtonian gravity predicts. LEDs could also have effects at atomic level. In t...New unification theories predict large extra dimensions （LEDs）. If that is the case, gravity would be stronger at short ranges than what Newtonian gravity predicts. LEDs could also have effects at atomic level. In this paper we propose a new method to constrain the size of ‘gravity-only’ LEDs by analysing how these LEDs modify the energy of the atomic transitions 1s-2s and 2s-2p （Lamb shift）, in the particular case of the hydrogen and muonium atoms. We estimate these effects by using Bethe＇s non-relativistic treatment of Lamb shift. In the particular case of three LEDs, which may be a candidate to explain the interaction mechanism of dark matter particles, we have found that current knowledge in atomic spectroscopy could constrain their sizes to less than 10 μm. Although our contributions do not reach the sensitivity given by SN1987a, they are still slightly better than recent constraints given by Inverse Square Law tests of the Eoet-Wash group at Washington University, which gave R3 〈 36.6 μm.展开更多
Based on the accurate experimental data of energy-level differences in hydrogen-like atoms, especially the 1S 2S transitions of hydrogen and deuterium, the necessity of introducing a reduced Dirac equation with reduce...Based on the accurate experimental data of energy-level differences in hydrogen-like atoms, especially the 1S 2S transitions of hydrogen and deuterium, the necessity of introducing a reduced Dirac equation with reduced mass as the substitution of original electron mass is stressed. Based on new cognition about the essence of special relativity, we provide a reasonable argument for the reduced Dirac equation to have two symmetries, the invariance under the （newly defined） space-time inversion and that under the pure space inversion, in a noninertial frame. By using the reduced Dirac equation and within the framework of quantum electrodynamics in covariant form, the Lamb shift can be evaluated （at one-loop level） as the radiative correction on a bound electron staying in an off-mass-shell state^a new approach eliminating the infrared divergence. Hence the whole calculation, though with limited accuracy, is simplified, getting rid of all divergences and free of ambiguity.展开更多
The observables of continuous eigenvalues are de?ned in an in?nite-dimensional ket space. The complete set of such eigenstates demands a spectrum density factor, for example, for the photons in the free space and elec...The observables of continuous eigenvalues are de?ned in an in?nite-dimensional ket space. The complete set of such eigenstates demands a spectrum density factor, for example, for the photons in the free space and electrons in the vacuum. From the derivation of the Casimir force without an arti?cial regulator we determine the explicit expression of the spectrum density factor for the photon ?eld to be an exponential function. The undetermined constant in the function is ?xed by the experimental data for the Lamb shift. With that, we predict that there exists a correction to the Casimir force.展开更多
From a quite general form of the Lindblad-like master equation of open two-level systems （qubits）, we study the effect of Lamb shift on the non-Markovian dynamics. We find that the Lamb shift can induce a non-unifor...From a quite general form of the Lindblad-like master equation of open two-level systems （qubits）, we study the effect of Lamb shift on the non-Markovian dynamics. We find that the Lamb shift can induce a non-uniform rotation of the Bloch sphere, but that it does not affect the non-Markovianity of the open system dynamics. We determine the optimal initial-state pairs that maximize the backflow of information for the considered master equation and find an interesting phenomenon-the sudden change of the non-Markovianity. We relate the dynamics to the evolution of the Bloch sphere to help us comprehend the obtained results.展开更多
We suggest that the Lamb shift can be approximated by a very simple function that seems accurate enough for most experimental researchers working with elements where the relativistic effects of the electron are minima...We suggest that the Lamb shift can be approximated by a very simple function that seems accurate enough for most experimental researchers working with elements where the relativistic effects of the electron are minimal, that is up to element 80 or so. Even if our new approximation does not show anything new in quantum chemistry per se, we think that it can be useful for experimental researchers and students of both quantum physics and chemistry;now everyone can calculate the Lamb shift on the back of an envelope.展开更多
We indicated in our previous work that for QED the role of the scalar potential which appears at the loop level is much smaller than that of the vector potential and is in fact negligible. But the situation is differe...We indicated in our previous work that for QED the role of the scalar potential which appears at the loop level is much smaller than that of the vector potential and is in fact negligible. But the situation is different for QCD, one reason is that the loop effects are more significant because as is much larger than a, and second the non-perturbative QCD effects may induce a sizable scalar potential. In this work, we study phenomenologically the contribution of the scalar potential to the spectra of charmonia, bottomonia and bC（bc） families. Taking into account both vector and scalar potentials, by fitting the well measured charmonia and bottomonia spectra, we re-fix the relevant parameters and test them by calculating other states of not only the eharmonia and bottomonia families, but also the bc family. We also consider the Lamb shift of the spectra.展开更多
We indicated in our previous work that for QED the contributions of the scalar potential, which appears at the loop level, is much smaller than that of the vector potential, and in fact negligible. But the situation m...We indicated in our previous work that for QED the contributions of the scalar potential, which appears at the loop level, is much smaller than that of the vector potential, and in fact negligible. But the situation may be different for QCD, the reason being that the loop effects are more significant because α s is much larger than α, and secondly the non-perturbative QCD effects may induce the scalar potential. In this work, we phenomenologically study the contribution of the scalar potential to the spectra of charmonia. Taking into account both vector and scalar potentials, by fitting the well measured charmonia spectra, we re-fix the relevant parameters and test them by calculating other states of the charmonia family. We also consider the role of the Lamb shift and present the numerical results with and without involving the Lamb shift.展开更多
The de Sitter invariant Special Relativity （dS-SR） is SR with constant curvature, and a natural extension of usual Einstein SR （E-SR）. In this paper, we solve the dS-SR Dirac equation of Hydrogen by means of the a...The de Sitter invariant Special Relativity （dS-SR） is SR with constant curvature, and a natural extension of usual Einstein SR （E-SR）. In this paper, we solve the dS-SR Dirac equation of Hydrogen by means of the adiabatic approach and the quasi-stationary perturbation calculations of QM. Hydrogen atom is located in the light cone of the Universe. FRW metric and ACDM cosmological model are used to discuss this issue. To the atom, effects of de Sitter space-time geometry described by Beltrami metric are taken into account. The dS-SR Dirac equation turns out to be a time dependent quantum Hamiltonian system. We reveal that： （i） The fundamental physics constants me, h, e variate adiabatically along with cosmologic time in dS-SR QM framework. But the fine-structure constant α≡ - e^2/（hc） keeps to be invariant; （ii） （2s^1/2 - 2p^1/2）-splitting due to dS-SR QM effects： By means of perturbation theory, that splitting △E（z） are calculated analytically, which belongs to O（1/R^2）-physics of dS-SR QM. Numerically, we find that when ｜R｜ = {103 Gly, 104 Gly, 105 Gly}, and z = {1, or 2}, the AE（z） 〉〉 1 （Lamb shift）. This indicates that for these cases the hyperfine structure effects due to QED could be ignored, and the dS-SR fine structure effects are dominant. This effect could be used to determine the universal constant R in dS-SR, and be thought as a new physics beyond E-SR.展开更多
A theoretical calculation of the nonrelativistic Lamb shift in nano-sized semiconducting （GaAs） and metallic （AI） circular rings is carried out. On the basis of a flat one-electron potential with infinitely high b...A theoretical calculation of the nonrelativistic Lamb shift in nano-sized semiconducting （GaAs） and metallic （AI） circular rings is carried out. On the basis of a flat one-electron potential with infinitely high barriers, the radiative back-action is obtained to second order in perturbation theory. Numerical results are presented for the radiative correction to the transition frequency between the ground state and first excited radial quantum states （initial state： （1,1,0）, final state： （2,1,0）） neglecting the curvature term in the Schr6dinger equation. Lamb shifts are calculated as functions of the inner ring radius, the ring thickness, and the temperature.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA1400800)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2018B030329001)+2 种基金the Guangdong Special Support Program(Grant No.2019JC05X397)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(Grant Nos.2021A15150100392018A030313722)。
文摘The Lamb shift of a quantum emitter in close proximity to a plasmonic nanostructure can be three or more orders of magnitude larger than that in the free space and is ultra-sensitive to the emitter position and polarization.We demonstrate that this large Lamb shift can be sensitively observed from the scattering or absorption spectrum dip shift of the coupled system when the plasmonic nanoparticle or tip scans the emitter.Using these observations,we propose a scanning optical scattering imaging method based on the plasmonic-enhanced Lamb shift with achieves sub-nanometer resolution.Our method is based on the scattering or absorption spectrum of the plasmon-emitter coupling system,which is free of the fluorescence quenching problem and easier to implement in a plasmon-emitter coupling system.In addition,our scheme works even if the quantum emitter is slightly below the dielectric surface,which can bring about broader applications,such as detecting atoms and molecules or quantum dots above or under a surface.
文摘Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneously distributed over its circumference and rotates at a constant velocity. The charge creates an electrostatic field. Its rotation represents a current that creates a magnetic field. Balance between the electric and magnetic forces ensures stability. This requires a marginal radial extension of the loop that makes the particle two-dimensional. In the near vicinity of two equal concentric current loops the axial attractive magnetic force compensates for the axial repelling electrostatic force. This discovery explains the weak (electron) and strong (proton) nuclear forces. Electron and proton have normal magnetic moments. The measured “anomalies” indicate the existence of a hidden rotational kinetic energy caused by rotation of the annular particle mass. So, there are four natural forces: electric, magnetic, kinetic, and gravitational. This knowledge makes the search for the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) trivial. The discovered rotational energy affects Einstein’s and Planck’s energy equations and leads to the exact calculation of the Lamb shifts and the binding energies of the hydrogen-like atoms. The theory predicts stable multiple particles and explains the Cooper Pair. For the first time the Planck mass and the gravitational constant are analytically calculated at high accuracy.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10475114)the Foundation of Minor Planets of Purple Mountain Observatory, China
文摘New unification theories predict large extra dimensions （LEDs）. If that is the case, gravity would be stronger at short ranges than what Newtonian gravity predicts. LEDs could also have effects at atomic level. In this paper we propose a new method to constrain the size of ‘gravity-only’ LEDs by analysing how these LEDs modify the energy of the atomic transitions 1s-2s and 2s-2p （Lamb shift）, in the particular case of the hydrogen and muonium atoms. We estimate these effects by using Bethe＇s non-relativistic treatment of Lamb shift. In the particular case of three LEDs, which may be a candidate to explain the interaction mechanism of dark matter particles, we have found that current knowledge in atomic spectroscopy could constrain their sizes to less than 10 μm. Although our contributions do not reach the sensitivity given by SN1987a, they are still slightly better than recent constraints given by Inverse Square Law tests of the Eoet-Wash group at Washington University, which gave R3 〈 36.6 μm.
文摘Based on the accurate experimental data of energy-level differences in hydrogen-like atoms, especially the 1S 2S transitions of hydrogen and deuterium, the necessity of introducing a reduced Dirac equation with reduced mass as the substitution of original electron mass is stressed. Based on new cognition about the essence of special relativity, we provide a reasonable argument for the reduced Dirac equation to have two symmetries, the invariance under the （newly defined） space-time inversion and that under the pure space inversion, in a noninertial frame. By using the reduced Dirac equation and within the framework of quantum electrodynamics in covariant form, the Lamb shift can be evaluated （at one-loop level） as the radiative correction on a bound electron staying in an off-mass-shell state^a new approach eliminating the infrared divergence. Hence the whole calculation, though with limited accuracy, is simplified, getting rid of all divergences and free of ambiguity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11774316the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under Grant No.Z15A050001
文摘The observables of continuous eigenvalues are de?ned in an in?nite-dimensional ket space. The complete set of such eigenstates demands a spectrum density factor, for example, for the photons in the free space and electrons in the vacuum. From the derivation of the Casimir force without an arti?cial regulator we determine the explicit expression of the spectrum density factor for the photon ?eld to be an exponential function. The undetermined constant in the function is ?xed by the experimental data for the Lamb shift. With that, we predict that there exists a correction to the Casimir force.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11275064 and 11075050)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China(Grant No.20124306110003)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University,China(Grant No.IRT0964)the Construct Program of the National Key Discipline,China
文摘From a quite general form of the Lindblad-like master equation of open two-level systems （qubits）, we study the effect of Lamb shift on the non-Markovian dynamics. We find that the Lamb shift can induce a non-uniform rotation of the Bloch sphere, but that it does not affect the non-Markovianity of the open system dynamics. We determine the optimal initial-state pairs that maximize the backflow of information for the considered master equation and find an interesting phenomenon-the sudden change of the non-Markovianity. We relate the dynamics to the evolution of the Bloch sphere to help us comprehend the obtained results.
文摘We suggest that the Lamb shift can be approximated by a very simple function that seems accurate enough for most experimental researchers working with elements where the relativistic effects of the electron are minimal, that is up to element 80 or so. Even if our new approximation does not show anything new in quantum chemistry per se, we think that it can be useful for experimental researchers and students of both quantum physics and chemistry;now everyone can calculate the Lamb shift on the back of an envelope.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (10775073, 11005079)Special Grant for Ph.D. Program of Ministry of Eduction of P.R. China (20070055037, 20100032120065)
文摘We indicated in our previous work that for QED the role of the scalar potential which appears at the loop level is much smaller than that of the vector potential and is in fact negligible. But the situation is different for QCD, one reason is that the loop effects are more significant because as is much larger than a, and second the non-perturbative QCD effects may induce a sizable scalar potential. In this work, we study phenomenologically the contribution of the scalar potential to the spectra of charmonia, bottomonia and bC（bc） families. Taking into account both vector and scalar potentials, by fitting the well measured charmonia and bottomonia spectra, we re-fix the relevant parameters and test them by calculating other states of not only the eharmonia and bottomonia families, but also the bc family. We also consider the Lamb shift of the spectra.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10775073)Special Grant for Ph.D. Program of Ministry of Eduction of P.R. China (20070055037)Special Grant for New Faculty from Tianjin University
文摘We indicated in our previous work that for QED the contributions of the scalar potential, which appears at the loop level, is much smaller than that of the vector potential, and in fact negligible. But the situation may be different for QCD, the reason being that the loop effects are more significant because α s is much larger than α, and secondly the non-perturbative QCD effects may induce the scalar potential. In this work, we phenomenologically study the contribution of the scalar potential to the spectra of charmonia. Taking into account both vector and scalar potentials, by fitting the well measured charmonia spectra, we re-fix the relevant parameters and test them by calculating other states of the charmonia family. We also consider the role of the Lamb shift and present the numerical results with and without involving the Lamb shift.
基金Supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10975128by the Chinese Science Academy Foundation under Grant No. KJCX-YW-N29
文摘The de Sitter invariant Special Relativity （dS-SR） is SR with constant curvature, and a natural extension of usual Einstein SR （E-SR）. In this paper, we solve the dS-SR Dirac equation of Hydrogen by means of the adiabatic approach and the quasi-stationary perturbation calculations of QM. Hydrogen atom is located in the light cone of the Universe. FRW metric and ACDM cosmological model are used to discuss this issue. To the atom, effects of de Sitter space-time geometry described by Beltrami metric are taken into account. The dS-SR Dirac equation turns out to be a time dependent quantum Hamiltonian system. We reveal that： （i） The fundamental physics constants me, h, e variate adiabatically along with cosmologic time in dS-SR QM framework. But the fine-structure constant α≡ - e^2/（hc） keeps to be invariant; （ii） （2s^1/2 - 2p^1/2）-splitting due to dS-SR QM effects： By means of perturbation theory, that splitting △E（z） are calculated analytically, which belongs to O（1/R^2）-physics of dS-SR QM. Numerically, we find that when ｜R｜ = {103 Gly, 104 Gly, 105 Gly}, and z = {1, or 2}, the AE（z） 〉〉 1 （Lamb shift）. This indicates that for these cases the hyperfine structure effects due to QED could be ignored, and the dS-SR fine structure effects are dominant. This effect could be used to determine the universal constant R in dS-SR, and be thought as a new physics beyond E-SR.
文摘A theoretical calculation of the nonrelativistic Lamb shift in nano-sized semiconducting （GaAs） and metallic （AI） circular rings is carried out. On the basis of a flat one-electron potential with infinitely high barriers, the radiative back-action is obtained to second order in perturbation theory. Numerical results are presented for the radiative correction to the transition frequency between the ground state and first excited radial quantum states （initial state： （1,1,0）, final state： （2,1,0）） neglecting the curvature term in the Schr6dinger equation. Lamb shifts are calculated as functions of the inner ring radius, the ring thickness, and the temperature.
