The 84 km Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has historically been a strategic waterway for shipping and the location of United States (US) military bases. Since the construction of Lake Gatun res...The 84 km Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has historically been a strategic waterway for shipping and the location of United States (US) military bases. Since the construction of Lake Gatun reservoir, canal locks and navigation channel through the Isthmus of Panama tropical forests in the 1910s, chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides have been essential for controlling upland and wetland vegetation as well as managing mosquito-borne diseases. Chemicals and pesticides flowed into Lake Gatun via land surface runoff and subsurface drainage either attached to the sediment or in solution during the rainy season. Lake Gatun and the Panama Canal was the drinking water source for most of the civilian and military population living in the Panama Canal Zone. Between 1948 and 1999, US military base commanders had the ability to order, from the Federal Supply Catalog, commercially available herbicide 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD for use on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. The herbicide 2,4,5-T was transported to Panama Canal Zone ports, including the ports Cristobal on the Caribbean and Balboa on the Pacific, and distributed to the US military bases in Panama by rail or truck. The US National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for the Research on Cancer listed dioxin and TCDD as known human carcinogens. Dioxins are endocrine disrupters and can cause certain chloracne, cancers, developmental and reproductive effects. In 1985, the United States government banned the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T, with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD, after it was shown to cause cancer in animals. The objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the fate of dioxin TCDD, a contaminant in the herbicide 2,4,5-T, sprayed on the US military base vegetation in the Panama Canal Zone from 1948 to 1999, 2) the transport of dioxin TCDD rich sediment via soil erosion and overland flow into Lake Gatun and Panama Canal waterways and 3) the human health impacts of dioxin TCDD, a kno展开更多
For the first time we derive the evolution law of the negative binomial state In） （nI in an ampli-tude dissipative channel with a damping constant to. We find that after passing through the channel, the final state ...For the first time we derive the evolution law of the negative binomial state In） （nI in an ampli-tude dissipative channel with a damping constant to. We find that after passing through the channel, the final state is still a negative binomial state, however the parameter γ evolves into The decay law of theaverage photon number is also obtained.展开更多
We solve the fermionic master equation for a thermal bath to obtain its explicit Kraus operator solutions via the fermionic state approach. The normalization condition of the Kraus operators is proved. The matrix repr...We solve the fermionic master equation for a thermal bath to obtain its explicit Kraus operator solutions via the fermionic state approach. The normalization condition of the Kraus operators is proved. The matrix representation for these solutions is obtained, which is incongruous with the result in the book completed by Nielsen and Chuang [Quan- tum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press, 2000]. As especial cases, we also present the Kraus operator solutions to master equations for describing the amplitude-decay model and the diffusion process at finite temperature.展开更多
Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later ...Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The 展开更多
Based on the density operator＇s operator-sum representation recently obtained by Fan and Hu for a laser process （Opt. Commun., 2008, 281： 5571; Opt. Commun., 2009, 282： 932; Phys. Lett. B, 2008, 22： 2435）, we de...Based on the density operator＇s operator-sum representation recently obtained by Fan and Hu for a laser process （Opt. Commun., 2008, 281： 5571; Opt. Commun., 2009, 282： 932; Phys. Lett. B, 2008, 22： 2435）, we derive the evolution law of Wigner operator, the law is concisely expressed in T exp[-2T（ate-（k-g）t - a.）（ae-（k-g）t a）]; where g the normally ordered form A（a,a＊,t） = -T/π., and a are the cavity gain and the loss, respectively, and T - （a - g）（g-t-g - 2ge-2（k-g）t）-1. When 1 exp[-2（at a＊）（a a）] which is the initial Wigner operator. Using this t = O, A（a,a＊,t） →1/π , formalism the evolution law of Wigner functions in laser process can be directly obtained.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate the quantum Stackelberg duopoly （QSD） game in the noise environment with the depolarizing channel expressed by the Kraus-operator representation. It is found that the presence of the da...In this paper, we investigate the quantum Stackelberg duopoly （QSD） game in the noise environment with the depolarizing channel expressed by the Kraus-operator representation. It is found that the presence of the damping in the depolarizing channel always leads to the decrease of the quantities of the moves and payoffs of the two players in the QSD game. It is indicated that under certain conditions the first-mover advantage in the QSD game can be weakened due to the presence of the damping in the depolarizing channel.展开更多
The composite systems can be non-uniquely decomposed into parts（subsystems）.Not all decompositions（structures） of a composite system are equally physically relevant.In this paper we answer on theoretical ground wh...The composite systems can be non-uniquely decomposed into parts（subsystems）.Not all decompositions（structures） of a composite system are equally physically relevant.In this paper we answer on theoretical ground why it may be so.We consider a pair of mutually un-coupled modes in the phase space representation that are subjected to the independent quantum amplitude damping channels.By investigating asymptotic dynamics of the degrees of freedom,we find that the environment is responsible for the structures non-equivalence.Only one structure is distinguished by both locality of the environmental influence on its subsystems and a classical-like description.展开更多
This paper solves the newly constructed nonlinear master equation dρ/dt = κ[2f （N） aρ （1/f （N - 1））a^＋ -a^＋aρ- ρa^＋a], where f（N） is an operator-valued function of N = a^＋a, for describing amplitude d...This paper solves the newly constructed nonlinear master equation dρ/dt = κ[2f （N） aρ （1/f （N - 1））a^＋ -a^＋aρ- ρa^＋a], where f（N） is an operator-valued function of N = a^＋a, for describing amplitude damping channel, and derives the infinite operator sum representation of quasi-Kraus operators for the density operator. It also shows that in this nonlinear process the initial pure number state density operator will evolve into the binomial field （a mixed state） when f （N） = 1√N ＋ 1.展开更多
A kind of silicified fossil wood with mixed pits on the radial tracheid wall is described. The fossil wood was collected from the top of Taiyuan Formation (early Early Permian) in Wuda Mi...A kind of silicified fossil wood with mixed pits on the radial tracheid wall is described. The fossil wood was collected from the top of Taiyuan Formation (early Early Permian) in Wuda Mining District, Nei Mongol. Compared with the Paleozoic fossil woods in the world, it is put into Araucarioxylon Kraus and named as A. laoshidanense sp. nov. Based on the character of possessing mixed pittings (alternate and opposite pittings) on the radial tracheid wall, the fossil wood is believed to be one of the unknown primitive conifers.Diagnosis of the new species: Only secondary xylem preserved and consisting of axial tracheids and rays. Growth ring boundary, resin duct and axial parenchyma absent. One to Four (commonly 2 or 3) seriates of bordered pits (mostly alternate but sometimes opposite) on the radial tracheid wall. One to Four (commonly 1, rarely 2 to 4) Cupressoid pits in each cross_field. Rays usually uniseriate, sometimes partly_ biseriate and 2 to 39 (mainly 3-5) cells high.展开更多
The non-Markovian dynamics of quantum entanglement is studied by the Shabani-Lidar master equation when one of entangled quantum systems is coupled to a local reservoir with memory effects.The completely positive redu...The non-Markovian dynamics of quantum entanglement is studied by the Shabani-Lidar master equation when one of entangled quantum systems is coupled to a local reservoir with memory effects.The completely positive reduced dynamical map can be constructed in the Kraus representation.Quantum entanglement decays more slowly in the non-Markovian environment.The decoherence time for quantum entanglement can be markedly increased with the change of the memory kernel.It is found out that the entanglement sudden death between quantum systems and entanglement sudden birth between the system and reservoir occur at different instants.展开更多
The authors define line digraph functors on digraph category which are full and faith-ful and,as a consequence of the result,determine all homomorphisms in De Bruijn-Goodgraph category and automorphisms of Kautz digra...The authors define line digraph functors on digraph category which are full and faith-ful and,as a consequence of the result,determine all homomorphisms in De Bruijn-Goodgraph category and automorphisms of Kautz digraph category.Moreover the authorsconsider a type of arc-full morphisms of digraph category such that F^n(f) is arc-full foreach functor F^n,and succeeding paper [9] study the strong homomorphisms of de Bruijn-Good digraph.展开更多
The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social probl...The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social problems that are shrunk into personal problems.This article aims to examine how she uses the schizophrenic utterances to illustrate the failure of her love affair differently.展开更多
We put forward a generalized tripartite scheme for splitting an arbitrary 2-qubit pure state with three 2-qubit non-maximally en-tangled states as quantum channels.The scheme for the first time incorporates the Kraus ...We put forward a generalized tripartite scheme for splitting an arbitrary 2-qubit pure state with three 2-qubit non-maximally en-tangled states as quantum channels.The scheme for the first time incorporates the Kraus measurement into quantum information splitting scheme.In contrast to the similar scheme using the same quantum channels and the ancilla-entangled measurement,our scheme is superior in terms of operation and complexity,success probability,resource consumption and effciency.展开更多
By virtue of the Weyl correspondence and based on the the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators, we show under what condition the superoperator＇s Kraus representation p^1=∑μAμpA^＋μ can ...By virtue of the Weyl correspondence and based on the the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators, we show under what condition the superoperator＇s Kraus representation p^1=∑μAμpA^＋μ can be deformed as p＇= （1/π） ∫ d^2d^2α（α）D（α）D（α）pD^＋（α）, where D（α） is the displacement operator, B（α） is a probability density related to the classical Weyl correspondence of Aμ. An alternate discussion by using the entangled state representation and through a quantum teleportation process is also presented.展开更多
文摘The 84 km Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has historically been a strategic waterway for shipping and the location of United States (US) military bases. Since the construction of Lake Gatun reservoir, canal locks and navigation channel through the Isthmus of Panama tropical forests in the 1910s, chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides have been essential for controlling upland and wetland vegetation as well as managing mosquito-borne diseases. Chemicals and pesticides flowed into Lake Gatun via land surface runoff and subsurface drainage either attached to the sediment or in solution during the rainy season. Lake Gatun and the Panama Canal was the drinking water source for most of the civilian and military population living in the Panama Canal Zone. Between 1948 and 1999, US military base commanders had the ability to order, from the Federal Supply Catalog, commercially available herbicide 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD for use on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. The herbicide 2,4,5-T was transported to Panama Canal Zone ports, including the ports Cristobal on the Caribbean and Balboa on the Pacific, and distributed to the US military bases in Panama by rail or truck. The US National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for the Research on Cancer listed dioxin and TCDD as known human carcinogens. Dioxins are endocrine disrupters and can cause certain chloracne, cancers, developmental and reproductive effects. In 1985, the United States government banned the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T, with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD, after it was shown to cause cancer in animals. The objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the fate of dioxin TCDD, a contaminant in the herbicide 2,4,5-T, sprayed on the US military base vegetation in the Panama Canal Zone from 1948 to 1999, 2) the transport of dioxin TCDD rich sediment via soil erosion and overland flow into Lake Gatun and Panama Canal waterways and 3) the human health impacts of dioxin TCDD, a kno
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11175113 and 112470009)
文摘For the first time we derive the evolution law of the negative binomial state In） （nI in an ampli-tude dissipative channel with a damping constant to. We find that after passing through the channel, the final state is still a negative binomial state, however the parameter γ evolves into The decay law of theaverage photon number is also obtained.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11347026)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province+1 种基金China(Grant Nos.ZR2013AM012 and ZR2012AM004)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program and Scientific Research Project of Liaocheng University,Shandong Province,China
文摘We solve the fermionic master equation for a thermal bath to obtain its explicit Kraus operator solutions via the fermionic state approach. The normalization condition of the Kraus operators is proved. The matrix representation for these solutions is obtained, which is incongruous with the result in the book completed by Nielsen and Chuang [Quan- tum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press, 2000]. As especial cases, we also present the Kraus operator solutions to master equations for describing the amplitude-decay model and the diffusion process at finite temperature.
文摘Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The
文摘Based on the density operator＇s operator-sum representation recently obtained by Fan and Hu for a laser process （Opt. Commun., 2008, 281： 5571; Opt. Commun., 2009, 282： 932; Phys. Lett. B, 2008, 22： 2435）, we derive the evolution law of Wigner operator, the law is concisely expressed in T exp[-2T（ate-（k-g）t - a.）（ae-（k-g）t a）]; where g the normally ordered form A（a,a＊,t） = -T/π., and a are the cavity gain and the loss, respectively, and T - （a - g）（g-t-g - 2ge-2（k-g）t）-1. When 1 exp[-2（at a＊）（a a）] which is the initial Wigner operator. Using this t = O, A（a,a＊,t） →1/π , formalism the evolution law of Wigner functions in laser process can be directly obtained.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10325523the National Fundamental Research Program of China under Grant No.2001CB309310
文摘In this paper, we investigate the quantum Stackelberg duopoly （QSD） game in the noise environment with the depolarizing channel expressed by the Kraus-operator representation. It is found that the presence of the damping in the depolarizing channel always leads to the decrease of the quantities of the moves and payoffs of the two players in the QSD game. It is indicated that under certain conditions the first-mover advantage in the QSD game can be weakened due to the presence of the damping in the depolarizing channel.
基金Project financially supported by the Ministry of Science Serbia (Grant No. 171028)
文摘The composite systems can be non-uniquely decomposed into parts（subsystems）.Not all decompositions（structures） of a composite system are equally physically relevant.In this paper we answer on theoretical ground why it may be so.We consider a pair of mutually un-coupled modes in the phase space representation that are subjected to the independent quantum amplitude damping channels.By investigating asymptotic dynamics of the degrees of freedom,we find that the environment is responsible for the structures non-equivalence.Only one structure is distinguished by both locality of the environmental influence on its subsystems and a classical-like description.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10775097 and 10874174)the Research Foundation of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province of China (Grant No. GJJ10097)
文摘This paper solves the newly constructed nonlinear master equation dρ/dt = κ[2f （N） aρ （1/f （N - 1））a^＋ -a^＋aρ- ρa^＋a], where f（N） is an operator-valued function of N = a^＋a, for describing amplitude damping channel, and derives the infinite operator sum representation of quasi-Kraus operators for the density operator. It also shows that in this nonlinear process the initial pure number state density operator will evolve into the binomial field （a mixed state） when f （N） = 1√N ＋ 1.
文摘A kind of silicified fossil wood with mixed pits on the radial tracheid wall is described. The fossil wood was collected from the top of Taiyuan Formation (early Early Permian) in Wuda Mining District, Nei Mongol. Compared with the Paleozoic fossil woods in the world, it is put into Araucarioxylon Kraus and named as A. laoshidanense sp. nov. Based on the character of possessing mixed pittings (alternate and opposite pittings) on the radial tracheid wall, the fossil wood is believed to be one of the unknown primitive conifers.Diagnosis of the new species: Only secondary xylem preserved and consisting of axial tracheids and rays. Growth ring boundary, resin duct and axial parenchyma absent. One to Four (commonly 2 or 3) seriates of bordered pits (mostly alternate but sometimes opposite) on the radial tracheid wall. One to Four (commonly 1, rarely 2 to 4) Cupressoid pits in each cross_field. Rays usually uniseriate, sometimes partly_ biseriate and 2 to 39 (mainly 3-5) cells high.
基金Supported by the Project of Teaching Quality in SUST under Grant No. 2010JGB-27the National Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 10774108
文摘The non-Markovian dynamics of quantum entanglement is studied by the Shabani-Lidar master equation when one of entangled quantum systems is coupled to a local reservoir with memory effects.The completely positive reduced dynamical map can be constructed in the Kraus representation.Quantum entanglement decays more slowly in the non-Markovian environment.The decoherence time for quantum entanglement can be markedly increased with the change of the memory kernel.It is found out that the entanglement sudden death between quantum systems and entanglement sudden birth between the system and reservoir occur at different instants.
文摘The authors define line digraph functors on digraph category which are full and faith-ful and,as a consequence of the result,determine all homomorphisms in De Bruijn-Goodgraph category and automorphisms of Kautz digraph category.Moreover the authorsconsider a type of arc-full morphisms of digraph category such that F^n(f) is arc-full foreach functor F^n,and succeeding paper [9] study the strong homomorphisms of de Bruijn-Good digraph.
文摘The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social problems that are shrunk into personal problems.This article aims to examine how she uses the schizophrenic utterances to illustrate the failure of her love affair differently.
基金supported by the program for New Century Excellent Talents at the University of China (Grant No NCET-06-0554)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10975001, 60677001, 10747146 and 10874122)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth (Grant No 06042087)the Key Fund of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No 206063)the Talent Foundation of Higher Education of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth (Grant No.2009SQRZ018)
文摘We put forward a generalized tripartite scheme for splitting an arbitrary 2-qubit pure state with three 2-qubit non-maximally en-tangled states as quantum channels.The scheme for the first time incorporates the Kraus measurement into quantum information splitting scheme.In contrast to the similar scheme using the same quantum channels and the ancilla-entangled measurement,our scheme is superior in terms of operation and complexity,success probability,resource consumption and effciency.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.10775097,10874174,and 10647133the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province under Grant Nos.2007GQS1906 and 2007GZS1871the Research Foundation of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province under Grant No.[2007]22
文摘By virtue of the Weyl correspondence and based on the the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators, we show under what condition the superoperator＇s Kraus representation p^1=∑μAμpA^＋μ can be deformed as p＇= （1/π） ∫ d^2d^2α（α）D（α）D（α）pD^＋（α）, where D（α） is the displacement operator, B（α） is a probability density related to the classical Weyl correspondence of Aμ. An alternate discussion by using the entangled state representation and through a quantum teleportation process is also presented.
