CYCLOIDEA （CYC）-like TCP genes play key roles in dorsoventral differentiation of zygomorphic flowers in Papilionoideae legumes. In this study, we analyzed the kew mutants whose flowers lost lateral identity, and inv...CYCLOIDEA （CYC）-like TCP genes play key roles in dorsoventral differentiation of zygomorphic flowers in Papilionoideae legumes. In this study, we analyzed the kew mutants whose flowers lost lateral identity, and investigated the diverse functions of three LjCYC genes during zygomorphic flower development in the model legume Lotus japonicus. We showed that kew1 and kew3 are allelic mutants of LjCYC3, a CYC-like TCP gene. Through transgenic experiments, it was shown that LjCYC1 possesses dorsal activity similar to LjCYC2, and that LjCYC3 alone is sufficient to confer lateral activity, and an epistatic effect between dorsal and lateral activities was identified. Sequence analysis revealed a striking alteration at the 3 end of the LjCYC3 open reading frame （ORF） in comparison with those of LjCYC1 and LjCYC2 ORFs. Furthermore, it was found that LjCYC proteins could interact with each other and possess different activities by means of a transcriptional activity assay. Our data demonstrate that the sequence variation and the subsequent alteration of protein property play important roles in the functional diversity of different LjCYC genes in controlling zygomorphic flower development in Lotus japonicus.展开更多
The history of botanic gardens in the United Kingdom is sketched out with particular reference to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and its changing role to meet societal requirements over 250 years.Kew's position as ...The history of botanic gardens in the United Kingdom is sketched out with particular reference to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and its changing role to meet societal requirements over 250 years.Kew's position as a modern scientific institution confronting today's environmental issues through its Breathing Planet Programme yet retaining its heritage buildings and collections is pinpointed.展开更多
In Papilionoideae legume, Lotusjaponicus, the development of dorsal-ventral （DV） asymmetric flowers is mainly controlled by two TB1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF （TCP） genes, SQUARED STANDARD （SQU） and KEELED WINGS IN LOTUS （...In Papilionoideae legume, Lotusjaponicus, the development of dorsal-ventral （DV） asymmetric flowers is mainly controlled by two TB1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF （TCP） genes, SQUARED STANDARD （SQU） and KEELED WINGS IN LOTUS （KEW）, which determine dorsal and lateral identities, respectively. However, the molecular basis of how these two highly homologous genes orchestrate their diverse functions remains unclear. Here, we analyzed their expression levels, and investigated the transcriptional activities of SQUand KEW. We demonstrated that SQU possesses both activation and repression activities, while KEW acts only as an activator. They form homo- and heterodimers, and then collaboraUvely regulate their expression at the transcription level. Furthermore, we identified two types of post-transcriptional modifications, phosphor- ylation and ATP/GTP binding, both of which could affect their transcriptional activities. Mutations in ATP/ GTP binding motifs of SQU and KEW lead to failure of phosphorylation, and transgenic plants bearing the mutant proteins display defective DV asymmetric flower development, indicating that the two conjugate modifications are essential for their diverse functions. Altogether, SQU and KEW activities are precisely modulated at both transcription and post-transcription levels, which might link DV asymmetric flower development to different physiological status and/or signaling pathways.展开更多
In the novella Seize the Day Saul Bellow compacts the significance of the whole life of a person into one day’s experience.In just one day the protagonist experiences despair and obtains redemption.The force of destr...In the novella Seize the Day Saul Bellow compacts the significance of the whole life of a person into one day’s experience.In just one day the protagonist experiences despair and obtains redemption.The force of destruction causing one to the despair situation interweaves with that of redemption producing hope.With effort one can recognize his or her true self and survive the absurd and crazy world and lead a new spiritual life without burdens of secular confusions.展开更多
Definition and ornamental characteristics of ornamental grasses,as well as a general background of Kew Gardens were introduced,with an emphasis of species and landscaping modes of ornamental grasses in Kew Gardens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30930009)the Ministry of Agriculture of China for Transgenic Research (2011ZX08009-003 and 2009ZX08009-112)
文摘CYCLOIDEA （CYC）-like TCP genes play key roles in dorsoventral differentiation of zygomorphic flowers in Papilionoideae legumes. In this study, we analyzed the kew mutants whose flowers lost lateral identity, and investigated the diverse functions of three LjCYC genes during zygomorphic flower development in the model legume Lotus japonicus. We showed that kew1 and kew3 are allelic mutants of LjCYC3, a CYC-like TCP gene. Through transgenic experiments, it was shown that LjCYC1 possesses dorsal activity similar to LjCYC2, and that LjCYC3 alone is sufficient to confer lateral activity, and an epistatic effect between dorsal and lateral activities was identified. Sequence analysis revealed a striking alteration at the 3 end of the LjCYC3 open reading frame （ORF） in comparison with those of LjCYC1 and LjCYC2 ORFs. Furthermore, it was found that LjCYC proteins could interact with each other and possess different activities by means of a transcriptional activity assay. Our data demonstrate that the sequence variation and the subsequent alteration of protein property play important roles in the functional diversity of different LjCYC genes in controlling zygomorphic flower development in Lotus japonicus.
文摘The history of botanic gardens in the United Kingdom is sketched out with particular reference to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and its changing role to meet societal requirements over 250 years.Kew's position as a modern scientific institution confronting today's environmental issues through its Breathing Planet Programme yet retaining its heritage buildings and collections is pinpointed.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Noa. 30930009） and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China （Grant Nos, 2011A020201008）.
文摘In Papilionoideae legume, Lotusjaponicus, the development of dorsal-ventral （DV） asymmetric flowers is mainly controlled by two TB1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF （TCP） genes, SQUARED STANDARD （SQU） and KEELED WINGS IN LOTUS （KEW）, which determine dorsal and lateral identities, respectively. However, the molecular basis of how these two highly homologous genes orchestrate their diverse functions remains unclear. Here, we analyzed their expression levels, and investigated the transcriptional activities of SQUand KEW. We demonstrated that SQU possesses both activation and repression activities, while KEW acts only as an activator. They form homo- and heterodimers, and then collaboraUvely regulate their expression at the transcription level. Furthermore, we identified two types of post-transcriptional modifications, phosphor- ylation and ATP/GTP binding, both of which could affect their transcriptional activities. Mutations in ATP/ GTP binding motifs of SQU and KEW lead to failure of phosphorylation, and transgenic plants bearing the mutant proteins display defective DV asymmetric flower development, indicating that the two conjugate modifications are essential for their diverse functions. Altogether, SQU and KEW activities are precisely modulated at both transcription and post-transcription levels, which might link DV asymmetric flower development to different physiological status and/or signaling pathways.
文摘In the novella Seize the Day Saul Bellow compacts the significance of the whole life of a person into one day’s experience.In just one day the protagonist experiences despair and obtains redemption.The force of destruction causing one to the despair situation interweaves with that of redemption producing hope.With effort one can recognize his or her true self and survive the absurd and crazy world and lead a new spiritual life without burdens of secular confusions.
基金Sponsored by Scientific Research Program of Shenzhen Urban Management Bureau,"Application of Ornamental Grasses Resources in Garden Landscapes"
文摘Definition and ornamental characteristics of ornamental grasses,as well as a general background of Kew Gardens were introduced,with an emphasis of species and landscaping modes of ornamental grasses in Kew Gardens.
文摘英国邱园(Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew)是英国最大的植物标本保藏机构,也是世界顶级植物园之一。截止2012年12月31日,该园共有11 635份采自中国的植物标本,含206科1 102属6 056种植物。它们采自除黑龙江、吉林和天津以外的所有中国省份、直辖市和特别行政区,且90%以上的标本来自云南、四川、湖北、西藏、海南和台湾。绝大部分标本采集于1840-1949年间,也有一小部分集中在1975-2000年间。采集者来自多个国家,其中以爱尔兰人亨瑞(Augustine Henry)、英国人威尔逊(Ernest Henry Wilson)、英国人福利斯特(George Forrest)、法国人戴乐维(Pierre Jean Marie Delavay)和法国人卡瓦勒瑞(Pierre Julien Cavalerie)的贡献最大。邱园中采自中国的植物标本虽然绝大多数来自于西方人对中国植物资源的抢掠,但是对于早期中国植物学的研究以及《中国植物志》的编纂起到了极其重要的推动作用。
