Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract(CAKUT) include a wide range of abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic ectopic kidneys to life threatening renal agenesis(bilateral). Many of them are detected ...Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract(CAKUT) include a wide range of abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic ectopic kidneys to life threatening renal agenesis(bilateral). Many of them are detected in the antenatal or immediate postnatal with a significant proportion identified in the adult population with varying degree of severity. CAKUT can be classified on embryological basis in to abnormalities in the renal parenchymal development, aberrant embryonic migration and abnormalities of the collecting system. Renal parenchymal abnormalities include multi cystic dysplastic kidneys, renal hypoplasia, number(agenesis or supernumerary), shape and cystic renal diseases. Aberrant embryonic migration encompasses abnormal location and fusion anomalies. Collecting system abnormalities include duplex kidneys and Pelvi ureteric junction obstruction. Ultrasonography(US) is typically the first imaging performed as it is easily available, noninvasive and radiation free used both antenatally and postnatally. Computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) are useful to confirm the ultrasound detected abnormality, detection of complex malformations, demonstration of collecting system and vascular anatomy and more importantly for early detection of complications like renal calculi, infection and malignancies. As CAKUT are one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease, it is important for the radiologists to be familiar with the varying imaging appearances of CAKUT on US, CT and MRI, thereby helping in prompt diagnosis and optimal management.展开更多
目的:探讨紫甘薯花色苷(Anthocyanins from Purple Sweet Potato,APSP)对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法:用链脲佐菌素(STZ)尾静脉注射建立糖尿病模型。大鼠分为6组:正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、二甲双胍阳性组、APSP低剂量组、APSP中...目的:探讨紫甘薯花色苷(Anthocyanins from Purple Sweet Potato,APSP)对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法:用链脲佐菌素(STZ)尾静脉注射建立糖尿病模型。大鼠分为6组:正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、二甲双胍阳性组、APSP低剂量组、APSP中剂量组和APSP高剂量组。每天定时灌胃,正常对照组和糖尿病模型组灌胃蒸馏水(10mL/kg.bw),二甲双胍阳性组灌胃200mg/kg.bw剂量的二甲双胍,三个APSP剂量组分别灌胃50、100、200mg/kg.bw剂量的APSP,连续7周。测定大鼠血糖值、血肌酐(Cr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肾脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)水平,常规制作石蜡切片,PAS染色观察肾组织糖原状况。结果:灌胃7周,APSP能明显降低大鼠血糖值、血清Cr、BUN及肾脏MDA水平,提高肾脏T-AOC水平,改善肾组织糖原状况。结论:APSP具有保护糖尿病大鼠肾脏的作用,它在降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖值的同时,亦能提高其肾功能和肾脏抗氧化能力。展开更多
Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabie...Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabies virus, which affects human beings as well as several livestock species so the study of this bat species is of high importance within the fields of animal agriculture and public health. The present study describes and compares the histologic characteristics of the urinary system of two hematophagous bat species. A total of 5 bats from each species were captured in the municipalities of Progreso de Obregón, Hidalgo (D. rotundus), and Huayacocotla, Veracruz (D. ecaudata). Organs belonging to the urinary system were extracted: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra;samples were fixed using 10% formalin and processed by the paraffin embedding technique, obtaining sections of 5 µm thickness, which in turn were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Gomori trichrome (GT) stains. From the obtained histologic preparations, a descriptive and comparative analysis of the structural organography of the urinary system of both species was made, and no noteworthy histological differences between samples were noted. The present research is intended to provide a framework for future studies of these species’ currently understudied microscopic anatomy.展开更多
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is ongoing damage of the kidneys, which affects their ability to filter the blood the way they should. Worldwide CKD is considered as the 16th leading cause of death and affects 8% - 16% o...Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is ongoing damage of the kidneys, which affects their ability to filter the blood the way they should. Worldwide CKD is considered as the 16th leading cause of death and affects 8% - 16% of the population. CKD often goes unnoticed and is revealed as an incidental finding. Healthcare providers diagnose the condition as CKD based on persistent abnormal kidney function tests revealing kidney damage markers > 3 months, urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) > or equal to 30 mg/g per 24 hours, and GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. In this article, we have discussed chronic kidney disease in terms of kidney physiology, chronic kidney disease pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and management.展开更多
Background:Horseshoe kidney is a rare congenital anomaly commonly complicated by urolithiasis.Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy(ESWL),ureteroscopy(URS),and percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)are treatment options fo...Background:Horseshoe kidney is a rare congenital anomaly commonly complicated by urolithiasis.Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy(ESWL),ureteroscopy(URS),and percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)are treatment options for horseshoe kidney stones.The aim of this systematic review is to compare the benefits and risks of these management options.Methods:MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to February 2022.A total of 516 nonduplicate studies were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Studies comparing at least 2 interventions with>10 patients per intervention were included.Results:Nine retrospective observational studies published from 2007 to 2021 with a total of 565 patients were included.Reported mean±SD or mean(range)stone sizes ranged between 17.90±2.43 mm and 27.9±8.6 mm for PCNL,8.4(2-25)mm and 22.3±9.1 mm for URS,and 11.9±2.0 mm and 16.8±4.4 mm for ESWL.There was no difference in single-session and overall stone-free rate(SFR)between PCNL and URS,with a risk ratio of 1.04(95%confidence interval,0.95-1.13;I2=20.63%).Ureteroscopy had better stone clearance than ESWL,with an overall SFR risk ratio of1.38(95%confidence interval,1.04-1.82;I2=0%).There was no statistically significant difference in overall SFR between PCNL and ESWL.Most patients who underwent URS and ESWL experienced Clavien-Dindo(CD)gradeⅠ-Ⅱcomplications.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was associated with the highest complication rates,including 5 CD gradeⅢand 3 CD gradeⅣcomplications and a mean postoperative hemoglobin drop of 0.47 to 1.83 g/dL.There were no CD grade V complications across all studies.Conclusions:There was no difference in SFR between PCNL and URS.Ureteroscopy was associated with a smaller stone burden and fewer and less severe complications.Ureteroscopy was found to be more effective than ESWL with a higher SFR and comparable safety profile.Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.展开更多
文摘Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract(CAKUT) include a wide range of abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic ectopic kidneys to life threatening renal agenesis(bilateral). Many of them are detected in the antenatal or immediate postnatal with a significant proportion identified in the adult population with varying degree of severity. CAKUT can be classified on embryological basis in to abnormalities in the renal parenchymal development, aberrant embryonic migration and abnormalities of the collecting system. Renal parenchymal abnormalities include multi cystic dysplastic kidneys, renal hypoplasia, number(agenesis or supernumerary), shape and cystic renal diseases. Aberrant embryonic migration encompasses abnormal location and fusion anomalies. Collecting system abnormalities include duplex kidneys and Pelvi ureteric junction obstruction. Ultrasonography(US) is typically the first imaging performed as it is easily available, noninvasive and radiation free used both antenatally and postnatally. Computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) are useful to confirm the ultrasound detected abnormality, detection of complex malformations, demonstration of collecting system and vascular anatomy and more importantly for early detection of complications like renal calculi, infection and malignancies. As CAKUT are one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease, it is important for the radiologists to be familiar with the varying imaging appearances of CAKUT on US, CT and MRI, thereby helping in prompt diagnosis and optimal management.
文摘目的:探讨紫甘薯花色苷(Anthocyanins from Purple Sweet Potato,APSP)对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法:用链脲佐菌素(STZ)尾静脉注射建立糖尿病模型。大鼠分为6组:正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、二甲双胍阳性组、APSP低剂量组、APSP中剂量组和APSP高剂量组。每天定时灌胃,正常对照组和糖尿病模型组灌胃蒸馏水(10mL/kg.bw),二甲双胍阳性组灌胃200mg/kg.bw剂量的二甲双胍,三个APSP剂量组分别灌胃50、100、200mg/kg.bw剂量的APSP,连续7周。测定大鼠血糖值、血肌酐(Cr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肾脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)水平,常规制作石蜡切片,PAS染色观察肾组织糖原状况。结果:灌胃7周,APSP能明显降低大鼠血糖值、血清Cr、BUN及肾脏MDA水平,提高肾脏T-AOC水平,改善肾组织糖原状况。结论:APSP具有保护糖尿病大鼠肾脏的作用,它在降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖值的同时,亦能提高其肾功能和肾脏抗氧化能力。
文摘Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabies virus, which affects human beings as well as several livestock species so the study of this bat species is of high importance within the fields of animal agriculture and public health. The present study describes and compares the histologic characteristics of the urinary system of two hematophagous bat species. A total of 5 bats from each species were captured in the municipalities of Progreso de Obregón, Hidalgo (D. rotundus), and Huayacocotla, Veracruz (D. ecaudata). Organs belonging to the urinary system were extracted: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra;samples were fixed using 10% formalin and processed by the paraffin embedding technique, obtaining sections of 5 µm thickness, which in turn were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Gomori trichrome (GT) stains. From the obtained histologic preparations, a descriptive and comparative analysis of the structural organography of the urinary system of both species was made, and no noteworthy histological differences between samples were noted. The present research is intended to provide a framework for future studies of these species’ currently understudied microscopic anatomy.
文摘Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is ongoing damage of the kidneys, which affects their ability to filter the blood the way they should. Worldwide CKD is considered as the 16th leading cause of death and affects 8% - 16% of the population. CKD often goes unnoticed and is revealed as an incidental finding. Healthcare providers diagnose the condition as CKD based on persistent abnormal kidney function tests revealing kidney damage markers > 3 months, urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) > or equal to 30 mg/g per 24 hours, and GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. In this article, we have discussed chronic kidney disease in terms of kidney physiology, chronic kidney disease pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and management.
文摘Background:Horseshoe kidney is a rare congenital anomaly commonly complicated by urolithiasis.Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy(ESWL),ureteroscopy(URS),and percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)are treatment options for horseshoe kidney stones.The aim of this systematic review is to compare the benefits and risks of these management options.Methods:MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to February 2022.A total of 516 nonduplicate studies were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Studies comparing at least 2 interventions with>10 patients per intervention were included.Results:Nine retrospective observational studies published from 2007 to 2021 with a total of 565 patients were included.Reported mean±SD or mean(range)stone sizes ranged between 17.90±2.43 mm and 27.9±8.6 mm for PCNL,8.4(2-25)mm and 22.3±9.1 mm for URS,and 11.9±2.0 mm and 16.8±4.4 mm for ESWL.There was no difference in single-session and overall stone-free rate(SFR)between PCNL and URS,with a risk ratio of 1.04(95%confidence interval,0.95-1.13;I2=20.63%).Ureteroscopy had better stone clearance than ESWL,with an overall SFR risk ratio of1.38(95%confidence interval,1.04-1.82;I2=0%).There was no statistically significant difference in overall SFR between PCNL and ESWL.Most patients who underwent URS and ESWL experienced Clavien-Dindo(CD)gradeⅠ-Ⅱcomplications.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was associated with the highest complication rates,including 5 CD gradeⅢand 3 CD gradeⅣcomplications and a mean postoperative hemoglobin drop of 0.47 to 1.83 g/dL.There were no CD grade V complications across all studies.Conclusions:There was no difference in SFR between PCNL and URS.Ureteroscopy was associated with a smaller stone burden and fewer and less severe complications.Ureteroscopy was found to be more effective than ESWL with a higher SFR and comparable safety profile.Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
