Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water tran...Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water transport in plants and the limits of this transport system, highlighting the relationships between xylem structure and function. We describe the great variety of techniques existing for evaluating xylem resistance to cavitation. We address several methodological issues and their connec- tion with current debates on conduit refilling and exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. We analyze the trade-offs existing between water transport safety and efficiency. We also stress how little information is available on molecular biology of cavitation and the potential role of aquaporins in conduit refilling. Finally, we draw attention to how plant hydraulic traits can be used for modeling stomatal responses to environmental variables and climate change, including drought mortality.展开更多
Plants modify development in response to external stimuli, to produce new growth that is appropriate for environmental conditions. For example, gravistimulation of leaning branches in angiosperm trees results in modif...Plants modify development in response to external stimuli, to produce new growth that is appropriate for environmental conditions. For example, gravistimulation of leaning branches in angiosperm trees results in modifications of wood development, to produce tension wood that pulls leaning stems upright. Here, we use gravistimulation and tension wood response to dissect the temporal changes in gene expression underlying wood formation in Populus stems. Using time-series analysis of seven time points over a 14-d experiment, we identified 8,919 genes that were differentially expressed between tension wood （upper） and opposite wood （lower） sides of leaning stems. Clustering of differentially expressed genes showed four major transcriptional responses, including gene clusters whose transcript levels were associated withtwo types of tissue-specific impulse responses that peaked at about 24-48h, and gene clusters with sustained changes in transcript levels that persisted until the end of the 14-d experiment. Functional enrichment analysis of those clusters suggests they reflect temporal changes in pathways associated with hormone regulation, protein Iocalization, cell wall biosynthesis and epigenetic pro- cesses. Time-series analysis of gene expression is an underutilized approach for dissecting complex develop- mental responses in plants, and can reveal gene clusters and mechanisms influencing development.展开更多
The prompt export leap following the phase out of quotas has past, while the quota restriction came back again, so that the exportation of home textiles began to slow down in the first half of 2006.
比利时是一个联邦制国家,由荷语区(Flanders,弗兰德语区)、法语区(Wallonia,瓦隆语区)和德语区构成。自1989年宪法颁布实施以后,每一个语区承担自己的文化和教育事务。国际教育评价组织(International Association for the Evaluation o...比利时是一个联邦制国家,由荷语区(Flanders,弗兰德语区)、法语区(Wallonia,瓦隆语区)和德语区构成。自1989年宪法颁布实施以后,每一个语区承担自己的文化和教育事务。国际教育评价组织(International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement)组织的六科成绩调查(Six Subject Survey)显示,弗兰德语区和瓦隆语区的教育质量在20世纪70年代处于旗鼓相当的水平。进入21世纪以后,弗兰德语区在各种国际学生评价中的表现均优于瓦隆语区。这种优势体现在各门学科(包括语言,数学和自然科学)和各个教育阶段(小学和中学)。与其他工业国家相比,弗兰德语区的学生在语言和数学两个学科处于领先水平,但是在自然科学学科上却处于落后水平。在本期的专家访谈中,我们将与Van Damme教授就弗兰德语区的中小学教育状况展开讨论。Van Damme教授是荷语鲁汶大学(KU Leuven)的荣修教授,他和他的团队长期致力于学生学业成绩和幸福感跟踪研究。展开更多
With insight from the methodology of phenomenology,Jan Patocka draws multiple meanings from the special front-line experience,including new understanding of the fringe of death,absolute freedom,universal responsibilit...With insight from the methodology of phenomenology,Jan Patocka draws multiple meanings from the special front-line experience,including new understanding of the fringe of death,absolute freedom,universal responsibility,and solidarity with enemies.The front-line experience is in sharp contrast with daily life experience,and is regarded by Patocka as a continuous consciousness of problematization toward history.This consciousness,which the front-line experience gives rise to,can be maintained through true care for reality and history.Patocka names this"care for the soul"and regards it as the core of the European spirit.The potential philosophical and historical value of the front-line experience urges Patocka to maintain an eternal fight,and he eventually concludes thatitis this eternal fight that brings forth eternal peace.展开更多
The paper deals with Jan Patocka＇s considerations on architecture. It presents Patocka＇s concept of space as the union of two sensory fields, the kinaesthetic-tactile and the visual, and it emphasizes that this unio...The paper deals with Jan Patocka＇s considerations on architecture. It presents Patocka＇s concept of space as the union of two sensory fields, the kinaesthetic-tactile and the visual, and it emphasizes that this union is considered as the ＂primordial architecture＂. According to Patocka＇s view, the material architecture is only a consequence of the primordial architecture. The paper also follows Patocka＇s idea of the ＂sacral transubstantiation＂. Patocka argues that, traditionally, the construction of a work of architecture is considered as dependent on favourable conditions, on divine consent with such a construction and the movement of divine powers into constructed work. The origin of architecture is thus religious. The paper considers the relations and differences between the sacred and secular architecture. It highlights Patocka＇s idea that both sacred and secular architecture open a certain world, even thought, the status of the world of sacred architecture differs considerably from that of the world of secular architecture.展开更多
HKTDC Hong Kong Fashion Week for Fall/Winter and HKTDC World Boutique, Hong Kong will be held concurrently from 12-15 January 2009 at Hong Kong Convention
Jan Saudek痴迷于生命的轮回:孕育与死亡,成长与衰老。他对人体,尤其女性的身体非常感兴趣。他的模特有一些是穿着衣服的,但大多数是裸体的。"裸体是世上最自然的东西,它使女人成为女人,使男人成为男人,无论今天还是一百年前。我...Jan Saudek痴迷于生命的轮回:孕育与死亡,成长与衰老。他对人体,尤其女性的身体非常感兴趣。他的模特有一些是穿着衣服的,但大多数是裸体的。"裸体是世上最自然的东西,它使女人成为女人,使男人成为男人,无论今天还是一百年前。我脱掉女人的衣服,由此她才能变得永恒。"展开更多
Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the Preliminary Seismological Report of ChineseSeismic Stations (abbreviated to Monthly Report).The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 inand near China and ...Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the Preliminary Seismological Report of ChineseSeismic Stations (abbreviated to Monthly Report).The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 inand near China and M≥6 all over the world.The Monthly Report is monthly complied by theNinth Section of Institute of Geophysics,CSB.展开更多
Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem艺术博物馆位于加州大学戴维斯分校,是校园内乃至戴维斯城的第一座当代艺术博物馆。设计团队SO–IL紧密关注博物馆设计的语境,将其社会性与物质性要素以一种创新的方式组合起来,为培育、滋养丰富的校...Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem艺术博物馆位于加州大学戴维斯分校,是校园内乃至戴维斯城的第一座当代艺术博物馆。设计团队SO–IL紧密关注博物馆设计的语境,将其社会性与物质性要素以一种创新的方式组合起来,为培育、滋养丰富的校园交流氛围提供了可能性。最终的设计为未来的博物馆提供了一种新的模型——不是孤立、排外的,而是开放、可持续的,它不是一个静态的神社,而是一个不断进化的社会有机体。展开更多
基金provided by National Science Foundation grant IOS-1450560
文摘Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water transport in plants and the limits of this transport system, highlighting the relationships between xylem structure and function. We describe the great variety of techniques existing for evaluating xylem resistance to cavitation. We address several methodological issues and their connec- tion with current debates on conduit refilling and exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. We analyze the trade-offs existing between water transport safety and efficiency. We also stress how little information is available on molecular biology of cavitation and the potential role of aquaporins in conduit refilling. Finally, we draw attention to how plant hydraulic traits can be used for modeling stomatal responses to environmental variables and climate change, including drought mortality.
基金supported by grant 2015-67013-22891 USDA AFRI to A.G. and V.F.supported by NSF PGRP Fellowship grant IOS-1402064supported by NIH S10 Instrumentation Grants S10RR029668 and S10RR027303
文摘Plants modify development in response to external stimuli, to produce new growth that is appropriate for environmental conditions. For example, gravistimulation of leaning branches in angiosperm trees results in modifications of wood development, to produce tension wood that pulls leaning stems upright. Here, we use gravistimulation and tension wood response to dissect the temporal changes in gene expression underlying wood formation in Populus stems. Using time-series analysis of seven time points over a 14-d experiment, we identified 8,919 genes that were differentially expressed between tension wood （upper） and opposite wood （lower） sides of leaning stems. Clustering of differentially expressed genes showed four major transcriptional responses, including gene clusters whose transcript levels were associated withtwo types of tissue-specific impulse responses that peaked at about 24-48h, and gene clusters with sustained changes in transcript levels that persisted until the end of the 14-d experiment. Functional enrichment analysis of those clusters suggests they reflect temporal changes in pathways associated with hormone regulation, protein Iocalization, cell wall biosynthesis and epigenetic pro- cesses. Time-series analysis of gene expression is an underutilized approach for dissecting complex develop- mental responses in plants, and can reveal gene clusters and mechanisms influencing development.
文摘The prompt export leap following the phase out of quotas has past, while the quota restriction came back again, so that the exportation of home textiles began to slow down in the first half of 2006.
文摘比利时是一个联邦制国家,由荷语区(Flanders,弗兰德语区)、法语区(Wallonia,瓦隆语区)和德语区构成。自1989年宪法颁布实施以后,每一个语区承担自己的文化和教育事务。国际教育评价组织(International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement)组织的六科成绩调查(Six Subject Survey)显示,弗兰德语区和瓦隆语区的教育质量在20世纪70年代处于旗鼓相当的水平。进入21世纪以后,弗兰德语区在各种国际学生评价中的表现均优于瓦隆语区。这种优势体现在各门学科(包括语言,数学和自然科学)和各个教育阶段(小学和中学)。与其他工业国家相比,弗兰德语区的学生在语言和数学两个学科处于领先水平,但是在自然科学学科上却处于落后水平。在本期的专家访谈中,我们将与Van Damme教授就弗兰德语区的中小学教育状况展开讨论。Van Damme教授是荷语鲁汶大学(KU Leuven)的荣修教授,他和他的团队长期致力于学生学业成绩和幸福感跟踪研究。
基金This article is supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(17YJCZH086).
文摘With insight from the methodology of phenomenology,Jan Patocka draws multiple meanings from the special front-line experience,including new understanding of the fringe of death,absolute freedom,universal responsibility,and solidarity with enemies.The front-line experience is in sharp contrast with daily life experience,and is regarded by Patocka as a continuous consciousness of problematization toward history.This consciousness,which the front-line experience gives rise to,can be maintained through true care for reality and history.Patocka names this"care for the soul"and regards it as the core of the European spirit.The potential philosophical and historical value of the front-line experience urges Patocka to maintain an eternal fight,and he eventually concludes thatitis this eternal fight that brings forth eternal peace.
文摘The paper deals with Jan Patocka＇s considerations on architecture. It presents Patocka＇s concept of space as the union of two sensory fields, the kinaesthetic-tactile and the visual, and it emphasizes that this union is considered as the ＂primordial architecture＂. According to Patocka＇s view, the material architecture is only a consequence of the primordial architecture. The paper also follows Patocka＇s idea of the ＂sacral transubstantiation＂. Patocka argues that, traditionally, the construction of a work of architecture is considered as dependent on favourable conditions, on divine consent with such a construction and the movement of divine powers into constructed work. The origin of architecture is thus religious. The paper considers the relations and differences between the sacred and secular architecture. It highlights Patocka＇s idea that both sacred and secular architecture open a certain world, even thought, the status of the world of sacred architecture differs considerably from that of the world of secular architecture.
文摘HKTDC Hong Kong Fashion Week for Fall/Winter and HKTDC World Boutique, Hong Kong will be held concurrently from 12-15 January 2009 at Hong Kong Convention
文摘Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the Preliminary Seismological Report of ChineseSeismic Stations (abbreviated to Monthly Report).The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 inand near China and M≥6 all over the world.The Monthly Report is monthly complied by theNinth Section of Institute of Geophysics,CSB.
文摘Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem艺术博物馆位于加州大学戴维斯分校,是校园内乃至戴维斯城的第一座当代艺术博物馆。设计团队SO–IL紧密关注博物馆设计的语境,将其社会性与物质性要素以一种创新的方式组合起来,为培育、滋养丰富的校园交流氛围提供了可能性。最终的设计为未来的博物馆提供了一种新的模型——不是孤立、排外的,而是开放、可持续的,它不是一个静态的神社,而是一个不断进化的社会有机体。
