The incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is rapidly increasing worldwide.However,the pathogenesis of T2DM has not yet been well explained.Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota composition is associated ...The incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is rapidly increasing worldwide.However,the pathogenesis of T2DM has not yet been well explained.Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota composition is associated with obesity and T2DM.In this review,we provide an overview about the mechanisms underlying the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.There is clear evidence that the intestinal microbiota influences the host through its effect on body weight,bile acid metabolism,proinflammatory activity and insulin resistance,and modulation of gut hormones.Modulating gut microbiota with the use of probiotics,prebiotics,antibiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation may have benefits for improvement in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in the host.Further studies are required to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota and the host with T2DM.Further studies may be able to boost the development of new effective therapeutic approaches for T2DM.展开更多
AIM: To construct subtracted cDNA libraries and further identify differentially expressed genes that are related to the development of colorectal carcinoma(CRC). METHODS: Suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) was...AIM: To construct subtracted cDNA libraries and further identify differentially expressed genes that are related to the development of colorectal carcinoma(CRC). METHODS: Suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) was done on cDNAs of normal mucosa, adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissues from the same patient. Three subtracted cDNA libraries were constructed and then hybridized with forward and backward subtracted probes for differential screening. Positive clones from each subtracted cDNA library were selected for sequencing and BLAST analysis. Finally, virtual Northern Blot confirmed such differential expression. RESULTS: By this way, there were about 3-4 X 10(2) clones identified in each subtracted cDNA library, in which about 85% positive clones were differentially screened. Sequencing and BLAST homology search revealed some clones containing sequences of known gene fragments and several possibly novel genes showing few or no sequence homologies with any known sequences in the database. CONCLUSION: All results confirmed the effectiveness and sensitivity of SSH. The differentially expressed genes during the development of CRC can be used to shed light on the pathogenesis of CRC and be useful genetic markers for early diagnosis and therapy.展开更多
Bile acid（BA） is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via ...Bile acid（BA） is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via the biotransformation of primary BAs to secondary BAs, and subsequently regulate the nuclear farnesoid X receptor（FXR; NR1H4）. The BA-activated FXR plays important roles in BA synthesis and metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and even hepatic autophagy. BAs can also play a role in the interplays among intestinal microbes. In this review, we mainly discuss the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, and probably the autophagic signaling pathway.展开更多
文摘The incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is rapidly increasing worldwide.However,the pathogenesis of T2DM has not yet been well explained.Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota composition is associated with obesity and T2DM.In this review,we provide an overview about the mechanisms underlying the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.There is clear evidence that the intestinal microbiota influences the host through its effect on body weight,bile acid metabolism,proinflammatory activity and insulin resistance,and modulation of gut hormones.Modulating gut microbiota with the use of probiotics,prebiotics,antibiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation may have benefits for improvement in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in the host.Further studies are required to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota and the host with T2DM.Further studies may be able to boost the development of new effective therapeutic approaches for T2DM.
基金This study is supported by Science Foundation of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province.
文摘AIM: To construct subtracted cDNA libraries and further identify differentially expressed genes that are related to the development of colorectal carcinoma(CRC). METHODS: Suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) was done on cDNAs of normal mucosa, adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissues from the same patient. Three subtracted cDNA libraries were constructed and then hybridized with forward and backward subtracted probes for differential screening. Positive clones from each subtracted cDNA library were selected for sequencing and BLAST analysis. Finally, virtual Northern Blot confirmed such differential expression. RESULTS: By this way, there were about 3-4 X 10(2) clones identified in each subtracted cDNA library, in which about 85% positive clones were differentially screened. Sequencing and BLAST homology search revealed some clones containing sequences of known gene fragments and several possibly novel genes showing few or no sequence homologies with any known sequences in the database. CONCLUSION: All results confirmed the effectiveness and sensitivity of SSH. The differentially expressed genes during the development of CRC can be used to shed light on the pathogenesis of CRC and be useful genetic markers for early diagnosis and therapy.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31322053)the Hubei Province Distinguished Young Scholar(No.2012FFA015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2013PY056 and 2013JQ001),China
文摘Bile acid（BA） is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via the biotransformation of primary BAs to secondary BAs, and subsequently regulate the nuclear farnesoid X receptor（FXR; NR1H4）. The BA-activated FXR plays important roles in BA synthesis and metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and even hepatic autophagy. BAs can also play a role in the interplays among intestinal microbes. In this review, we mainly discuss the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, and probably the autophagic signaling pathway.
