Traumatic brain injury remains a global health crisis that spans all demographics,yet there exist limited treatment options that may effectively curtail its lingering symptoms.Traumatic brain injury pathology entails ...Traumatic brain injury remains a global health crisis that spans all demographics,yet there exist limited treatment options that may effectively curtail its lingering symptoms.Traumatic brain injury pathology entails a progression from primary injury to inflammation-mediated secondary cell death.Sequestering this inflammation as a means of ameliorating the greater symptomology of traumatic brain injury has emerged as an attractive treatment prospect.In this review,we recapitulate and evaluate the important developments relating to regulating traumatic brain injury-induced neuroinflammation,edema,and blood-brain barrier disintegration through pharmacotherapy and stem cell transplants.Although these studies of stand-alone treatments have yielded some positive results,more therapeutic outcomes have been documented from the promising area of combined drug and stem cell therapy.Harnessing the facilitatory properties of certain pharmaceuticals with the anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of stem cell transplants creates a synergistic effect greater than the sum of its parts.The burgeoning evidence in favor of combined drug and stem cell therapies warrants more elaborate preclinical studies on this topic in order to pave the way for later clinical trials.展开更多
Long non-coding RNAs regulate brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response and angiogenesis during and after ischemia/reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation（OGD/R） insults....Long non-coding RNAs regulate brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response and angiogenesis during and after ischemia/reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation（OGD/R） insults. The long non-coding RNA, SNHG12, is upregulated after ischemia/reperfusion and OGD/R in microvascular endothelial cells of the mouse brain. However, its role in ischemic stroke has not been studied. We hypothesized that SNHG12 positively regulates ischemic stroke, and therefore we investigated its mechanism of action. We established an OGD/R mouse cell model to mimic ischemic stroke by exposing brain microvascular endothelial cells to OGD for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24 hours and reoxygenation for 4 hours. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that SNHG12 levels in brain microvascular endothelial cells increased with respect to OGD exposure time. Brain microvascular endothelial cells were transfected with pc DNA-control, pc DNA-SNHG12, si-control, or si-SNHG12. After exposure to OGD for 16 hours, these cells were then analyzed by 3-（4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl）-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, trypan blue exclusion, western blot, and capillary-like tube formation assays. Overexpression of SNHG12 inhibited brain microvascular endothelial cell death and the inflammatory response but promoted angiogenesis after OGD/R, while SNHG12 knockdown had the opposite effects. miR-199a was identified as a target of SNHG12, and SNHG12 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-199a on brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. These findings suggest that SNHG12 suppresses endothelial cell injury induced by OGD/R by targeting miR-199a.展开更多
目的观察血管软化丸对miRNA-155(miR-155)及细胞因子信号转导抑制剂l(suppressor of cytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)-磷酸化转录激活子3(phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,p-STAT3)-程序性细胞凋亡因子...目的观察血管软化丸对miRNA-155(miR-155)及细胞因子信号转导抑制剂l(suppressor of cytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)-磷酸化转录激活子3(phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,p-STAT3)-程序性细胞凋亡因子4(programmed cell death 4,PDCD4)信号通路和下游炎症因子的影响。方法体内实验中,将ApoE-/-小鼠分为模型组,miR-155抑制剂组,miR-155模拟物组,血管软化丸高、低剂量组;干预8周后观察小鼠主动脉病理变化,RT-PCR法检测小鼠主动脉miR-155、SOCS1、p-STAT3、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平,ELISA法检测小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、干扰素-γ(interferon gamma,IFN-γ)水平。体外实验中,将RAW264.7细胞随机分为对照组(空白血清)、miR-155抑制剂组、miR-155模拟物组、血管软化丸含药血清组;经药物血清干预后,RT-PCR法检测细胞miR-155、SOCS1、p-STAT3、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平。结果体内实验显示,miR-155模拟物组,血管软化丸高、低剂量组小鼠主动脉粥样硬化病变程度较模型组明显减轻;与模型组相比,miR-155模拟物组,血管软化丸高、低剂量组主动脉miR-155、SOCS1 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),p-STAT3、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),血清TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ水平较模型组明显降低(P<0.05)。体外实验显示,与对照组比较,miR-155模拟物组、血管软化丸含药血清组RAW264.7细胞miR-155、SOCS1 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),p-STAT3和PDCD4 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论血管软化丸抗动脉粥样硬化的机制可能是通过miR-155调控SOCS1/STAT3/PDCD4信号通路影响炎症因子水平。展开更多
基金CVB was funded by National Institutes of Health(NIH)R01NS071956,NIH R01NS090962,NIH R21NS089851,NIH R21NS094087Veterans Affairs Merit Review I01 BX001407
文摘Traumatic brain injury remains a global health crisis that spans all demographics,yet there exist limited treatment options that may effectively curtail its lingering symptoms.Traumatic brain injury pathology entails a progression from primary injury to inflammation-mediated secondary cell death.Sequestering this inflammation as a means of ameliorating the greater symptomology of traumatic brain injury has emerged as an attractive treatment prospect.In this review,we recapitulate and evaluate the important developments relating to regulating traumatic brain injury-induced neuroinflammation,edema,and blood-brain barrier disintegration through pharmacotherapy and stem cell transplants.Although these studies of stand-alone treatments have yielded some positive results,more therapeutic outcomes have been documented from the promising area of combined drug and stem cell therapy.Harnessing the facilitatory properties of certain pharmaceuticals with the anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of stem cell transplants creates a synergistic effect greater than the sum of its parts.The burgeoning evidence in favor of combined drug and stem cell therapies warrants more elaborate preclinical studies on this topic in order to pave the way for later clinical trials.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province of China,No.817334
文摘Long non-coding RNAs regulate brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response and angiogenesis during and after ischemia/reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation（OGD/R） insults. The long non-coding RNA, SNHG12, is upregulated after ischemia/reperfusion and OGD/R in microvascular endothelial cells of the mouse brain. However, its role in ischemic stroke has not been studied. We hypothesized that SNHG12 positively regulates ischemic stroke, and therefore we investigated its mechanism of action. We established an OGD/R mouse cell model to mimic ischemic stroke by exposing brain microvascular endothelial cells to OGD for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24 hours and reoxygenation for 4 hours. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that SNHG12 levels in brain microvascular endothelial cells increased with respect to OGD exposure time. Brain microvascular endothelial cells were transfected with pc DNA-control, pc DNA-SNHG12, si-control, or si-SNHG12. After exposure to OGD for 16 hours, these cells were then analyzed by 3-（4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl）-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, trypan blue exclusion, western blot, and capillary-like tube formation assays. Overexpression of SNHG12 inhibited brain microvascular endothelial cell death and the inflammatory response but promoted angiogenesis after OGD/R, while SNHG12 knockdown had the opposite effects. miR-199a was identified as a target of SNHG12, and SNHG12 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-199a on brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. These findings suggest that SNHG12 suppresses endothelial cell injury induced by OGD/R by targeting miR-199a.
文摘目的观察血管软化丸对miRNA-155(miR-155)及细胞因子信号转导抑制剂l(suppressor of cytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)-磷酸化转录激活子3(phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,p-STAT3)-程序性细胞凋亡因子4(programmed cell death 4,PDCD4)信号通路和下游炎症因子的影响。方法体内实验中,将ApoE-/-小鼠分为模型组,miR-155抑制剂组,miR-155模拟物组,血管软化丸高、低剂量组;干预8周后观察小鼠主动脉病理变化,RT-PCR法检测小鼠主动脉miR-155、SOCS1、p-STAT3、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平,ELISA法检测小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、干扰素-γ(interferon gamma,IFN-γ)水平。体外实验中,将RAW264.7细胞随机分为对照组(空白血清)、miR-155抑制剂组、miR-155模拟物组、血管软化丸含药血清组;经药物血清干预后,RT-PCR法检测细胞miR-155、SOCS1、p-STAT3、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平。结果体内实验显示,miR-155模拟物组,血管软化丸高、低剂量组小鼠主动脉粥样硬化病变程度较模型组明显减轻;与模型组相比,miR-155模拟物组,血管软化丸高、低剂量组主动脉miR-155、SOCS1 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),p-STAT3、PDCD4 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),血清TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ水平较模型组明显降低(P<0.05)。体外实验显示,与对照组比较,miR-155模拟物组、血管软化丸含药血清组RAW264.7细胞miR-155、SOCS1 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),p-STAT3和PDCD4 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论血管软化丸抗动脉粥样硬化的机制可能是通过miR-155调控SOCS1/STAT3/PDCD4信号通路影响炎症因子水平。
