In vertebrate limb, a group of specialized epithelial cells called Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) form at the boundary of dorsal and ventral limb ectoderm. Recent experiments suggest that AER forms at the boundary of F...In vertebrate limb, a group of specialized epithelial cells called Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) form at the boundary of dorsal and ventral limb ectoderm. Recent experiments suggest that AER forms at the boundary of Fringe expressing and Fringe non-expressing cells by a specific type of receptor-ligand interaction called as inductive signaling, involving the transmembrane proteins Notch, Serrate and Delta. Experiments conducted on Drosophila wing disc have shown that Fringe inhibits the binding ability of Serrate ligand to Notch and enhances that of Delta to Notch. Although several of the signaling elements have been identified experimentally, it remains unclear how the inter-cellular interactions can give rise to such a boundary of specialized cells. Here we present an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model involving Delta→Notch and Serrate→Notch interactions between juxtaposed Fringe expressing and Fringe nonexpressing cells. When simulated in a compartmentalized set up, this model gives rise to high Notch levels at the boundary of Fringe expressing and Fringe non-expressing cells.展开更多
为了在保证路段行人过街安全与过街需求的前提下,同时提升路段车辆运行效率,充分考虑了车队离散到达与路段行人过街的动态影响,建立了路段行人过街感应式信号控制方法。首先,基于Robertson车队离散模型,以车头时距对上游到达车队进行动...为了在保证路段行人过街安全与过街需求的前提下,同时提升路段车辆运行效率,充分考虑了车队离散到达与路段行人过街的动态影响,建立了路段行人过街感应式信号控制方法。首先,基于Robertson车队离散模型,以车头时距对上游到达车队进行动态划分,并根据路段行人过街点位预测下游车辆排队状态;以车队离散度选择下游到达车队中车辆作为信号优化输入参数建立感应控制方法,同时分析了路段行人过街位置对配时方案的影响;然后,通过SUMO软件的交通控制接口(traffic control interface,TraCI)搭建仿真环境,以车辆与行人的综合平均延误,分别对路段单向与双向交通环境的信号配时方案进行仿真验证与对比分析。结果表明,相比传统感应控制而言,优化后的感应控制在单向交通与双向交通情况下,行人与车辆综合平均延误分别降低5.56%、7.06%。展开更多
文摘In vertebrate limb, a group of specialized epithelial cells called Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) form at the boundary of dorsal and ventral limb ectoderm. Recent experiments suggest that AER forms at the boundary of Fringe expressing and Fringe non-expressing cells by a specific type of receptor-ligand interaction called as inductive signaling, involving the transmembrane proteins Notch, Serrate and Delta. Experiments conducted on Drosophila wing disc have shown that Fringe inhibits the binding ability of Serrate ligand to Notch and enhances that of Delta to Notch. Although several of the signaling elements have been identified experimentally, it remains unclear how the inter-cellular interactions can give rise to such a boundary of specialized cells. Here we present an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model involving Delta→Notch and Serrate→Notch interactions between juxtaposed Fringe expressing and Fringe nonexpressing cells. When simulated in a compartmentalized set up, this model gives rise to high Notch levels at the boundary of Fringe expressing and Fringe non-expressing cells.
文摘为了在保证路段行人过街安全与过街需求的前提下,同时提升路段车辆运行效率,充分考虑了车队离散到达与路段行人过街的动态影响,建立了路段行人过街感应式信号控制方法。首先,基于Robertson车队离散模型,以车头时距对上游到达车队进行动态划分,并根据路段行人过街点位预测下游车辆排队状态;以车队离散度选择下游到达车队中车辆作为信号优化输入参数建立感应控制方法,同时分析了路段行人过街位置对配时方案的影响;然后,通过SUMO软件的交通控制接口(traffic control interface,TraCI)搭建仿真环境,以车辆与行人的综合平均延误,分别对路段单向与双向交通环境的信号配时方案进行仿真验证与对比分析。结果表明,相比传统感应控制而言,优化后的感应控制在单向交通与双向交通情况下,行人与车辆综合平均延误分别降低5.56%、7.06%。
