Unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer with or without metastatic disease is associated with a very poor prognosis.Current standard therapy is limited to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.Few regimens have be...Unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer with or without metastatic disease is associated with a very poor prognosis.Current standard therapy is limited to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.Few regimens have been shown to have a substantial survival advantage and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed.Thermal and laser based ablative techniques are widely used in many solid organ malignancies.Initial studies in the pancreas were associated with significant morbidity and mortality,which limited widespread adoption.Modifications to the various applications,in particular combining the techniques with high quality imaging such as computed tomography and intraoperative or endoscopic ultrasound has enabled real time treatment monitoring and significant improvements in safety.We conducted a systematic review of the litera-ture up to October 2013.Initial studies suggest that ablative therapies may confer an additional survival benefit over best supportive care but randomised studies are required to validate these findings.展开更多
A cycle model of an irreversible heat engine working with harmonic systems is established in this paper. Based on the equation of motion of an operator in the Heisenberg picture and semi-group approach, the first law ...A cycle model of an irreversible heat engine working with harmonic systems is established in this paper. Based on the equation of motion of an operator in the Heisenberg picture and semi-group approach, the first law of thermodynamics for a harmonic system and the time evolution of the system are obtained. The general expressions for several important parameters, such as the work, efficiency, power output, and rate of entropy production are derived. By means of numerical analysis, the optimally operating regions and the optimal values of performance parameters of the cycle are determined under the condition of maximum power output. At last, some special cases, such as high temperature limit and frictionless case, are dis-cussed in brief.展开更多
In view of the fact that the atmospheric motion isan irreversible process, a memory function which can recall observational data in the past is suggested. In terms of defining an inner product in Hilbert space, a new ...In view of the fact that the atmospheric motion isan irreversible process, a memory function which can recall observational data in the past is suggested. In terms of defining an inner product in Hilbert space, a new concept of self-memorization in the atmospheric motion is proposed, thus the traditional atmospheric motion equation is generalized to a self-memorization equation in inclusion of multi-time observations. Self-memorization equations of a barotropic nondivergent model and a barotropic primitive equation model are exemplified.It is proved that some existing difference schemes can be derived from the self-memorization equation by giving particular values to memory function. However, it demonstrates that multi-time numerical prediction models can be unified into a framework of self-memorization equation. If a stochastic method in solving the memory function is taken, the selfmemorization equation will be transformed to a sort of dynamic-stochastic prediction model.展开更多
Pancreatic cancer(PC) would become the second leading cause of cancer death in the near future, despite representing only 3% of new cancer diagnosis. Survival improvement will come from a better knowledge of risk fact...Pancreatic cancer(PC) would become the second leading cause of cancer death in the near future, despite representing only 3% of new cancer diagnosis. Survival improvement will come from a better knowledge of risk factors, earlier diagnosis, better integration of locoregional and systemic therapies, as well as the development of more efficacious drugs rising from a deeper understanding of disease biology. For patients with unresectable, non-metastatic disease, combined strategies encompassing primary chemotherapy and radiation seems to be promising. In fit patients, new polychemotherapy regimens can lead to better outcomes in terms of slight but significant survival improvement associated with a positive impact on quality of life. The upfront use of these regimes can also increase the rate of radical resections in borderline resectable and locally advanced PC. Second line treatments showed to positively affect both overall survival and quality of life in fit patients affected by metastatic disease. At present, oxaliplatin-based regimens are the most extensively studied. Nonetheless, other promising drugs are currently under evaluation. Presently, in addition to surgery and conventional radiation therapy, new locoregional treatment techniques are emerging as alternative options in the multimodal approach to patients or diseases not suitable for radical surgery. As of today, in contrast with other types of cancer, targeted therapies failed to show relevant activity either alone or in combination with chemotherapy and, thus, current clinical practice does not include them. Up to now, despite the fact of extremely promising results in different tumors, also immunotherapy is not in the actual therapeutic armamentarium for PC. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the art of clinical practice and research in PC aiming to offer a guide for clinicians on the most relevant topics in the management of this disease.展开更多
An irreversible light-driven engine is described in this paper, in which the heat transfer between the working fluid and the environment obeys a linear phenomenological heat transfer law [ q ∝Δ(T -1)], with a workin...An irreversible light-driven engine is described in this paper, in which the heat transfer between the working fluid and the environment obeys a linear phenomenological heat transfer law [ q ∝Δ(T -1)], with a working fluid composed of the bimolecular reacting system 2SO 3 F■S 2 O 6 F2. Piston trajectories maximizing work output and minimizing entropy generation are determined for such an engine with rate-dependent loss mechanisms of friction and heat leakage. The optimal control theory is applied to determine the optimal configurations of the piston motion trajectory and the fluid temperature. Numerical examples for the optimal configuration are provided, and the obtained results are compared with those derived with Newtonian heat transfer law [ q ∝Δ(T )].展开更多
In this paper, an irreversible quantum Otto refrigeration cycle working with harmonic systems is established. Base on Heisenberg quantum master equation, the equations of motion for the set of harmonic systems thermod...In this paper, an irreversible quantum Otto refrigeration cycle working with harmonic systems is established. Base on Heisenberg quantum master equation, the equations of motion for the set of harmonic systems thermodynamic observables are derived. The simulated diagrams of the quantum Otto refrigeration cycle are plotted. The relationship between average power of friction, cooling rate, power input, and the time of adiabatic process is analyzed by using numerical calculation. Moreover, the influence of the heat conductance and the time of iso-frequency process on the performance of the cycle is discussed.展开更多
Background： Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma （LAPC） is characterized by poor prognosis despite recommended concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Irreversible electroporation （IRE） has emerged as a potential option f...Background： Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma （LAPC） is characterized by poor prognosis despite recommended concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Irreversible electroporation （IRE） has emerged as a potential option for the management of unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and short-term efficacy of open IRE for the treatment of LAPC. Methods： Retrospective data of 25 consecutive patients receiving IRE for T3 lesions from July 2015 to June 2016 at a single center were analyzed. The perioperative and long-term IRE-related complications were reviewed to evaluate the safety of the procedure. The tumor reduction and biological response were analyzed through computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging; the serum level of CA19-9 was measured as a secondary endpoint to evaluate the short-term efficacy of IRE. Results： All patients were successfully treated; the median tumor size was 4.2 cm and the median IRE time was 36 min. Four intraoperative procedure-related complications were observed （16%）： two transient hypertensive episodes, one hypotension case, and one transient supraventricular tachycardia case. Nine postoperative complications were described, including three Grade A pancreatic fistulas, three delayed gastric emptying, one acute pancreatitis, one upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and one portal vein thrombosis. The overall rate of stable disease was 28%, 36% achieved partial response, and lower serum CA19-9 levels were recorded in all patients at discharge. Conclusions： IRE is feasible for the treatment of LAPC and is a reasonable intervention strategy owing to its combined attributes of safety and efficacy.展开更多
Various therapeutic modalities including radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, and irreversible electroporation have attracted attention as energy sources for effective locoregional treatment of h...Various therapeutic modalities including radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, and irreversible electroporation have attracted attention as energy sources for effective locoregional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC); these are accepted non-surgical treatments that provide excellent local tumor control and favorable survival. However, in contrast to surgery, tumor location is a crucial factor in the outcomes of locoregional treatment because such treatment is mainly performed using a percutaneous approach for minimal invasiveness; accordingly, it has a limited range of ablation volume. When the index tumor is near large blood vessels, the blood flow drags thermal energy away from the targeted tissue, resulting in reduced ablation volume through a socalled "heat-sink effect". This modifies the size and shape of the ablation zone considerably. In addition, serious complications including infarction or aggressive tumor recurrence can be observed during follow-up after ablation for perivascular tumors by mechanical or thermal damage. Therefore, perivascular locations of HCC adjacent to large intrahepatic vessels can affect post-treatment outcomes. In this review, we primarily focus on physical properties of perivascular tumor location, characteristics of perivascular HCC,potential complications, and clinical outcomes after various locoregional treatments; moreover, we discuss the current status and future perspectives regarding percutaneous ablation for perivascular HCC.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most deadly and frequent cancers worldwide,although great advancement in the treatment of this malignancy have been made within the past few decades.It continues to be a maj...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most deadly and frequent cancers worldwide,although great advancement in the treatment of this malignancy have been made within the past few decades.It continues to be a major health issue due to an increasing incidence and a poor prognosis.The majority of patients have their HCC diagnosed at an intermediate or advanced stage in theUSA or China.Curative therapy such as surgical resection or liver transplantation is not considered anoption of treatment at these stages.Transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),the most widely used locoregional therapeutic approach,used to be the mainstay of treatment for cases with unresectable cancer entities.However,for those patients with hypovascular tumors or impaired liver function reserve,TACE is a suboptimal treatment option.For example,embolization does not result in complete coverage of a hypovascular tumor,and may rather promotes postoperative tumor recurrence,or leave residual tumor,in these TACE-resistance patients.In addition,TACE carries a higher risk of hepatic decompensation in patients with poor liver function or reserve.Non-vascular interventional locoregional therapies for HCC include radiofrequency ablation(RFA),microwave ablation(MWA),high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),laser-induced thermotherapy(LITT),cryosurgical ablation(CSA),irreversible Electroporation(IRE),percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI),and brachytherapy.Recent advancements in these techniques have significantly improved the treatment efficacy of HCC and expanded the population of patients who qualify for treatment.This review embraces the current status of imaging-guided locoregional non-intravascular interventional treatments for HCCs,with a primary focus on the clinical evaluation and assessment of the efficacy of combined therapies using these interventional techniques.展开更多
Many patients with pancreas cancer present with locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC).The principle tools used for diagnosis and staging of LAPC include endoscopic ultrasound,axial imaging with computed tomography ...Many patients with pancreas cancer present with locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC).The principle tools used for diagnosis and staging of LAPC include endoscopic ultrasound,axial imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging,and diagnostic laparoscopy.The definition of resectability has historically been vague,as there is considerable debate and controversy as to the definition of LAPC.For the patient with LAPC,there is some level of involvement of the surrounding vascular structures,which include the superior mesenteric artery,celiac axis,hepatic artery,superior mesenteric vein,or portal vein.When feasible,most surgeons would recommend possible surgical resection for patients with borderline LAPC,with the goal of an R0 resection.For initially unresectable LAPC,neoadjuvant should be strongly considered.Specifically,these patients should be offered neoadjuvant therapy,and the tumor should be assessed for possible response and eventual resection.The efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy with this approach as a bridge to potential curative resection is broad,ranging from 3%-79%.The different modalities of neoadjuvant therapy include sin-gle or multi-agent chemotherapy combined with radiation,chemotherapy alone,and chemotherapy followed by chemotherapy with radiation.This review focuses on patients with LAPC and addresses recent advances and controversies in the field.展开更多
A theoretical model for irreversible double resonance ESE(energy selective electron) device with phonon induced bypass heat leakage which is operating as heat engine system is proposed. The thermodynamic performance i...A theoretical model for irreversible double resonance ESE(energy selective electron) device with phonon induced bypass heat leakage which is operating as heat engine system is proposed. The thermodynamic performance is optimized and the impacts of heat leakage and structure parameters of the electron system on its performance are discussed in detail by using FTT(finite time thermodynamics). Moreover, performances of the ESE system with multiple optimization objective functions, including power output, thermal efficiency, ecological function and efficient power, are explored by numerical examples. New optimal performance regions and the selection plans of optimization objective functions of the ESE system are obtained. It reveals that the characteristic of power versus efficiency behave as loop-shaped curves in spite of the heat leakage which will always decrease the efficiency of the electron engine. By properly choosing the design parameters, the ESE engine can be designed to operate at optimal conditions according to different design purpose. The preferred design area should be located between the optimal effective power condition and the optimal ecological function condition.展开更多
In this paper, we try to use the entransy theory to analyze the heat–work conversion systems with inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. First, the inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles are analyzed. The influenc...In this paper, we try to use the entransy theory to analyze the heat–work conversion systems with inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. First, the inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles are analyzed. The influences of different inner irreversible factors on entransy loss are discussed. We find that the concept of entransy loss can be used to analyze the inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. Then, we analyze the common heat–work conversion systems with inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. As an example, the heat–work conversion system in which the working fluid of the thermodynamic cycles is heated and cooled by streams is analyzed. Our analyses show that larger entransy loss leads to larger output work when the total heat flow from the high temperature heat source and the corresponding equivalent temperature are fixed.Some numerical cases are presented, and the results verify the theoretical analyses. On the other hand, it is also found that larger entransy loss does not always lead to larger output work when the preconditions are not satisfied.展开更多
This paper discusses the development pattern and characteristic of scientific and technological knowledge growth,trying to prove that the increase in this sort of knowledge and ruin-causing knowledge are inevitable un...This paper discusses the development pattern and characteristic of scientific and technological knowledge growth,trying to prove that the increase in this sort of knowledge and ruin-causing knowledge are inevitable under the present scientific,economic and social development pattern.This means that scientific and technological knowledge growth has gotten out of control.The paper points out the fatal weakness of current development pattern of scientific and technological knowledge growth.展开更多
Population aging is an irreversible process in the development of modern society,which brings challenges to comprehensive modernized social governance.Population aging is a“dualistic”development issue that not only ...Population aging is an irreversible process in the development of modern society,which brings challenges to comprehensive modernized social governance.Population aging is a“dualistic”development issue that not only leads to aging of the labor force structure but also creates new demographic dividends.This study describes the core thoughts of developmental gerontology(DG),which provides new insight into the relationship between active aging and comprehensive governance for modernized society.The development of DG will provide a feasible and sustainable path to integrate and coordinate the relationship between population aging,society,and economy.展开更多
To meet the requirements of electronic vehicles(EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs),the high energy density Li Ni_(0.8) Co_(0.15) Al_(0.05) O_2(NCA) cathode and Si–C anode have attracted more attention.Here we re...To meet the requirements of electronic vehicles(EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs),the high energy density Li Ni_(0.8) Co_(0.15) Al_(0.05) O_2(NCA) cathode and Si–C anode have attracted more attention.Here we report the thermal behaviors of NCA/Si–C pouch cell during the charge/discharge processes at different current densities.The total heat generations are derived from the surface temperature change during electrochemical Li+insertion/extraction in adiabatic surrounding.The reversible heat is determined by the entropic coefficients,which are related with open-circuit voltage at different temperatures; while the irreversible heat is determined by the internal resistance,which can be obtained via V–I characteristic,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and hybrid pulse power characterization(HPPC).During the electrochemical process,the reversible heat contributes less than 10% to total heat generation; and the heat generated in charge process is less than that in discharge process.The results of thermal behaviors analyses are conducive to understanding the safety management and paving the way for building a reliable thermal model of high energy density lithium ion battery.展开更多
Pneumoconiosis,the predominant occupational disease in China and the world,is a pulmonary disease caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust,that is,particulate matter in the solid phase without living organisms[1].As...Pneumoconiosis,the predominant occupational disease in China and the world,is a pulmonary disease caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust,that is,particulate matter in the solid phase without living organisms[1].As an irreversible,crippling,and even fatal disease,pneumoconiosis places a heavy burden on society.展开更多
Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mass conservation equation and heat energy balance equation are established. The governing equations of thermal consolidation for homogeneous isotropic materi...Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mass conservation equation and heat energy balance equation are established. The governing equations of thermal consolidation for homogeneous isotropic materials are presented, accounting for the coupling effects of the temperature, stress and displacement fields. The case of a saturated medium with a long cylindrical cavity subjected to a variable thermal loading and a variable hydrostatic pressure （or a variable radial water flux） with time is considered. The analytical solutions are derived in the Laplace transform space. Then, the time domain solutions are obtained by a numerical inversion scheme. The results of a typical example indicate that thermodynamically coupled effects have considerable influences on thermal responses.展开更多
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Prognosis and treatment depend on whether the tumor is resectable or not, which mostly depends on how...Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Prognosis and treatment depend on whether the tumor is resectable or not, which mostly depends on how quickly the diagnosis is made. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be both used in cases of nonresectable pancreatic cancer. In cases of pancreatic neoplasm that is locally advanced, non-resectable, but non-metastatic, it is possible to apply percutaneous treatments that are able to induce tumor cytoreduction. The aim of this article will be to describe the multiple currently available treatment techniques(radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryoablation, and irreversible electroporation), their results, and their possible complications, with the aid of a literature review.展开更多
基金Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant PO1CA84203The work was undertaken at UCLH/UCL,which receives a proportion of funding from the Department of Health’s National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres fundingschemeA CRUK research bursary to Keane MG
文摘Unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer with or without metastatic disease is associated with a very poor prognosis.Current standard therapy is limited to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.Few regimens have been shown to have a substantial survival advantage and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed.Thermal and laser based ablative techniques are widely used in many solid organ malignancies.Initial studies in the pancreas were associated with significant morbidity and mortality,which limited widespread adoption.Modifications to the various applications,in particular combining the techniques with high quality imaging such as computed tomography and intraoperative or endoscopic ultrasound has enabled real time treatment monitoring and significant improvements in safety.We conducted a systematic review of the litera-ture up to October 2013.Initial studies suggest that ablative therapies may confer an additional survival benefit over best supportive care but randomised studies are required to validate these findings.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 10465003) the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Grant No. 0412011)
文摘A cycle model of an irreversible heat engine working with harmonic systems is established in this paper. Based on the equation of motion of an operator in the Heisenberg picture and semi-group approach, the first law of thermodynamics for a harmonic system and the time evolution of the system are obtained. The general expressions for several important parameters, such as the work, efficiency, power output, and rate of entropy production are derived. By means of numerical analysis, the optimally operating regions and the optimal values of performance parameters of the cycle are determined under the condition of maximum power output. At last, some special cases, such as high temperature limit and frictionless case, are dis-cussed in brief.
文摘In view of the fact that the atmospheric motion isan irreversible process, a memory function which can recall observational data in the past is suggested. In terms of defining an inner product in Hilbert space, a new concept of self-memorization in the atmospheric motion is proposed, thus the traditional atmospheric motion equation is generalized to a self-memorization equation in inclusion of multi-time observations. Self-memorization equations of a barotropic nondivergent model and a barotropic primitive equation model are exemplified.It is proved that some existing difference schemes can be derived from the self-memorization equation by giving particular values to memory function. However, it demonstrates that multi-time numerical prediction models can be unified into a framework of self-memorization equation. If a stochastic method in solving the memory function is taken, the selfmemorization equation will be transformed to a sort of dynamic-stochastic prediction model.
文摘Pancreatic cancer(PC) would become the second leading cause of cancer death in the near future, despite representing only 3% of new cancer diagnosis. Survival improvement will come from a better knowledge of risk factors, earlier diagnosis, better integration of locoregional and systemic therapies, as well as the development of more efficacious drugs rising from a deeper understanding of disease biology. For patients with unresectable, non-metastatic disease, combined strategies encompassing primary chemotherapy and radiation seems to be promising. In fit patients, new polychemotherapy regimens can lead to better outcomes in terms of slight but significant survival improvement associated with a positive impact on quality of life. The upfront use of these regimes can also increase the rate of radical resections in borderline resectable and locally advanced PC. Second line treatments showed to positively affect both overall survival and quality of life in fit patients affected by metastatic disease. At present, oxaliplatin-based regimens are the most extensively studied. Nonetheless, other promising drugs are currently under evaluation. Presently, in addition to surgery and conventional radiation therapy, new locoregional treatment techniques are emerging as alternative options in the multimodal approach to patients or diseases not suitable for radical surgery. As of today, in contrast with other types of cancer, targeted therapies failed to show relevant activity either alone or in combination with chemotherapy and, thus, current clinical practice does not include them. Up to now, despite the fact of extremely promising results in different tumors, also immunotherapy is not in the actual therapeutic armamentarium for PC. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the art of clinical practice and research in PC aiming to offer a guide for clinicians on the most relevant topics in the management of this disease.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Tal-ents in University of China (Grant No. 20041006)the Foundation for the Authors of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (Grant No. 200136)
文摘An irreversible light-driven engine is described in this paper, in which the heat transfer between the working fluid and the environment obeys a linear phenomenological heat transfer law [ q ∝Δ(T -1)], with a working fluid composed of the bimolecular reacting system 2SO 3 F■S 2 O 6 F2. Piston trajectories maximizing work output and minimizing entropy generation are determined for such an engine with rate-dependent loss mechanisms of friction and heat leakage. The optimal control theory is applied to determine the optimal configurations of the piston motion trajectory and the fluid temperature. Numerical examples for the optimal configuration are provided, and the obtained results are compared with those derived with Newtonian heat transfer law [ q ∝Δ(T )].
文摘In this paper, an irreversible quantum Otto refrigeration cycle working with harmonic systems is established. Base on Heisenberg quantum master equation, the equations of motion for the set of harmonic systems thermodynamic observables are derived. The simulated diagrams of the quantum Otto refrigeration cycle are plotted. The relationship between average power of friction, cooling rate, power input, and the time of adiabatic process is analyzed by using numerical calculation. Moreover, the influence of the heat conductance and the time of iso-frequency process on the performance of the cycle is discussed.
文摘Background： Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma （LAPC） is characterized by poor prognosis despite recommended concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Irreversible electroporation （IRE） has emerged as a potential option for the management of unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and short-term efficacy of open IRE for the treatment of LAPC. Methods： Retrospective data of 25 consecutive patients receiving IRE for T3 lesions from July 2015 to June 2016 at a single center were analyzed. The perioperative and long-term IRE-related complications were reviewed to evaluate the safety of the procedure. The tumor reduction and biological response were analyzed through computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging; the serum level of CA19-9 was measured as a secondary endpoint to evaluate the short-term efficacy of IRE. Results： All patients were successfully treated; the median tumor size was 4.2 cm and the median IRE time was 36 min. Four intraoperative procedure-related complications were observed （16%）： two transient hypertensive episodes, one hypotension case, and one transient supraventricular tachycardia case. Nine postoperative complications were described, including three Grade A pancreatic fistulas, three delayed gastric emptying, one acute pancreatitis, one upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and one portal vein thrombosis. The overall rate of stable disease was 28%, 36% achieved partial response, and lower serum CA19-9 levels were recorded in all patients at discharge. Conclusions： IRE is feasible for the treatment of LAPC and is a reasonable intervention strategy owing to its combined attributes of safety and efficacy.
基金Supported by Nano-Convergence Foundation,the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(MSIP,South Korea)the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE,South Korea),No.R201603110
文摘Various therapeutic modalities including radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, and irreversible electroporation have attracted attention as energy sources for effective locoregional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC); these are accepted non-surgical treatments that provide excellent local tumor control and favorable survival. However, in contrast to surgery, tumor location is a crucial factor in the outcomes of locoregional treatment because such treatment is mainly performed using a percutaneous approach for minimal invasiveness; accordingly, it has a limited range of ablation volume. When the index tumor is near large blood vessels, the blood flow drags thermal energy away from the targeted tissue, resulting in reduced ablation volume through a socalled "heat-sink effect". This modifies the size and shape of the ablation zone considerably. In addition, serious complications including infarction or aggressive tumor recurrence can be observed during follow-up after ablation for perivascular tumors by mechanical or thermal damage. Therefore, perivascular locations of HCC adjacent to large intrahepatic vessels can affect post-treatment outcomes. In this review, we primarily focus on physical properties of perivascular tumor location, characteristics of perivascular HCC,potential complications, and clinical outcomes after various locoregional treatments; moreover, we discuss the current status and future perspectives regarding percutaneous ablation for perivascular HCC.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NO. 81701800)the Joint Funds of Union Hospital,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Republic of China (NO.000003720)+2 种基金the Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Hubei Province,China (NO. 000003962)the key program of national natural science foundation of China (no. 81430040)the National Institutes of Health grant (R01EB012467)。
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most deadly and frequent cancers worldwide,although great advancement in the treatment of this malignancy have been made within the past few decades.It continues to be a major health issue due to an increasing incidence and a poor prognosis.The majority of patients have their HCC diagnosed at an intermediate or advanced stage in theUSA or China.Curative therapy such as surgical resection or liver transplantation is not considered anoption of treatment at these stages.Transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),the most widely used locoregional therapeutic approach,used to be the mainstay of treatment for cases with unresectable cancer entities.However,for those patients with hypovascular tumors or impaired liver function reserve,TACE is a suboptimal treatment option.For example,embolization does not result in complete coverage of a hypovascular tumor,and may rather promotes postoperative tumor recurrence,or leave residual tumor,in these TACE-resistance patients.In addition,TACE carries a higher risk of hepatic decompensation in patients with poor liver function or reserve.Non-vascular interventional locoregional therapies for HCC include radiofrequency ablation(RFA),microwave ablation(MWA),high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),laser-induced thermotherapy(LITT),cryosurgical ablation(CSA),irreversible Electroporation(IRE),percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI),and brachytherapy.Recent advancements in these techniques have significantly improved the treatment efficacy of HCC and expanded the population of patients who qualify for treatment.This review embraces the current status of imaging-guided locoregional non-intravascular interventional treatments for HCCs,with a primary focus on the clinical evaluation and assessment of the efficacy of combined therapies using these interventional techniques.
文摘Many patients with pancreas cancer present with locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC).The principle tools used for diagnosis and staging of LAPC include endoscopic ultrasound,axial imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging,and diagnostic laparoscopy.The definition of resectability has historically been vague,as there is considerable debate and controversy as to the definition of LAPC.For the patient with LAPC,there is some level of involvement of the surrounding vascular structures,which include the superior mesenteric artery,celiac axis,hepatic artery,superior mesenteric vein,or portal vein.When feasible,most surgeons would recommend possible surgical resection for patients with borderline LAPC,with the goal of an R0 resection.For initially unresectable LAPC,neoadjuvant should be strongly considered.Specifically,these patients should be offered neoadjuvant therapy,and the tumor should be assessed for possible response and eventual resection.The efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy with this approach as a bridge to potential curative resection is broad,ranging from 3%-79%.The different modalities of neoadjuvant therapy include sin-gle or multi-agent chemotherapy combined with radiation,chemotherapy alone,and chemotherapy followed by chemotherapy with radiation.This review focuses on patients with LAPC and addresses recent advances and controversies in the field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51576207,51306206)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2017CFB498)
文摘A theoretical model for irreversible double resonance ESE(energy selective electron) device with phonon induced bypass heat leakage which is operating as heat engine system is proposed. The thermodynamic performance is optimized and the impacts of heat leakage and structure parameters of the electron system on its performance are discussed in detail by using FTT(finite time thermodynamics). Moreover, performances of the ESE system with multiple optimization objective functions, including power output, thermal efficiency, ecological function and efficient power, are explored by numerical examples. New optimal performance regions and the selection plans of optimization objective functions of the ESE system are obtained. It reveals that the characteristic of power versus efficiency behave as loop-shaped curves in spite of the heat leakage which will always decrease the efficiency of the electron engine. By properly choosing the design parameters, the ESE engine can be designed to operate at optimal conditions according to different design purpose. The preferred design area should be located between the optimal effective power condition and the optimal ecological function condition.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51376101 and 51356001)
文摘In this paper, we try to use the entransy theory to analyze the heat–work conversion systems with inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. First, the inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles are analyzed. The influences of different inner irreversible factors on entransy loss are discussed. We find that the concept of entransy loss can be used to analyze the inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. Then, we analyze the common heat–work conversion systems with inner irreversible thermodynamic cycles. As an example, the heat–work conversion system in which the working fluid of the thermodynamic cycles is heated and cooled by streams is analyzed. Our analyses show that larger entransy loss leads to larger output work when the total heat flow from the high temperature heat source and the corresponding equivalent temperature are fixed.Some numerical cases are presented, and the results verify the theoretical analyses. On the other hand, it is also found that larger entransy loss does not always lead to larger output work when the preconditions are not satisfied.
文摘This paper discusses the development pattern and characteristic of scientific and technological knowledge growth,trying to prove that the increase in this sort of knowledge and ruin-causing knowledge are inevitable under the present scientific,economic and social development pattern.This means that scientific and technological knowledge growth has gotten out of control.The paper points out the fatal weakness of current development pattern of scientific and technological knowledge growth.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Major Program)(21ZDA107)and the National Science and Technology Major Project(SQ2022YFC3600291).
文摘Population aging is an irreversible process in the development of modern society,which brings challenges to comprehensive modernized social governance.Population aging is a“dualistic”development issue that not only leads to aging of the labor force structure but also creates new demographic dividends.This study describes the core thoughts of developmental gerontology(DG),which provides new insight into the relationship between active aging and comprehensive governance for modernized society.The development of DG will provide a feasible and sustainable path to integrate and coordinate the relationship between population aging,society,and economy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China:Trackling Key Technology for Development and Industrialization of Power Lithium Ion Battery with High Specific Energy (Grant No.2016YFB0100508)
文摘To meet the requirements of electronic vehicles(EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs),the high energy density Li Ni_(0.8) Co_(0.15) Al_(0.05) O_2(NCA) cathode and Si–C anode have attracted more attention.Here we report the thermal behaviors of NCA/Si–C pouch cell during the charge/discharge processes at different current densities.The total heat generations are derived from the surface temperature change during electrochemical Li+insertion/extraction in adiabatic surrounding.The reversible heat is determined by the entropic coefficients,which are related with open-circuit voltage at different temperatures; while the irreversible heat is determined by the internal resistance,which can be obtained via V–I characteristic,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and hybrid pulse power characterization(HPPC).During the electrochemical process,the reversible heat contributes less than 10% to total heat generation; and the heat generated in charge process is less than that in discharge process.The results of thermal behaviors analyses are conducive to understanding the safety management and paving the way for building a reliable thermal model of high energy density lithium ion battery.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Molecular mechanism of 1-phosphosphingol and lysophosphatidic acid involved in silicosis[No:81641119]。
文摘Pneumoconiosis,the predominant occupational disease in China and the world,is a pulmonary disease caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust,that is,particulate matter in the solid phase without living organisms[1].As an irreversible,crippling,and even fatal disease,pneumoconiosis places a heavy burden on society.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50879003).
文摘Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mass conservation equation and heat energy balance equation are established. The governing equations of thermal consolidation for homogeneous isotropic materials are presented, accounting for the coupling effects of the temperature, stress and displacement fields. The case of a saturated medium with a long cylindrical cavity subjected to a variable thermal loading and a variable hydrostatic pressure （or a variable radial water flux） with time is considered. The analytical solutions are derived in the Laplace transform space. Then, the time domain solutions are obtained by a numerical inversion scheme. The results of a typical example indicate that thermodynamically coupled effects have considerable influences on thermal responses.
文摘Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Prognosis and treatment depend on whether the tumor is resectable or not, which mostly depends on how quickly the diagnosis is made. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be both used in cases of nonresectable pancreatic cancer. In cases of pancreatic neoplasm that is locally advanced, non-resectable, but non-metastatic, it is possible to apply percutaneous treatments that are able to induce tumor cytoreduction. The aim of this article will be to describe the multiple currently available treatment techniques(radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryoablation, and irreversible electroporation), their results, and their possible complications, with the aid of a literature review.
