以Web of Science数据库中收录的开放式创新文献为研究对象,借助Citespace II软件进行知识图谱分析,分别制作了时空分布、文献共引和关键词共现知识图谱,进而探究了开放式创新研究的分布状况、变化趋势和热点领域。研究表明:(1)英美两...以Web of Science数据库中收录的开放式创新文献为研究对象,借助Citespace II软件进行知识图谱分析,分别制作了时空分布、文献共引和关键词共现知识图谱,进而探究了开放式创新研究的分布状况、变化趋势和热点领域。研究表明:(1)英美两国学者引领了开放式创新研究,我国学者在该领域的研究处于稳步提升阶段,但能够密切跟踪国际前沿;(2)开放式创新研究的发展趋势是研究对象日趋多样化、实证研究取代案例研究成为主要研究方法以及基于网络社区的创新交互逐步取代企业实体之间的技术交易和合作研发成为研究主流;(3)开放式创新研究的四个热点领域是开放式创新模式与企业绩效的关系、基于创新网络的研发合作和技术交易、开放式创新知识治理和用户参与的开放式创新实践应用。展开更多
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a common condition in the intensive care unit(ICU)and has a high mortality.Early evaluation of the severity and prognosis is very important for SAP therapy.Recently,red bloo...BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a common condition in the intensive care unit(ICU)and has a high mortality.Early evaluation of the severity and prognosis is very important for SAP therapy.Recently,red blood cell distribution(RDW)was associated with mortality of sepsis patients and could be used as a predictor of prognosis.Similarly,RDW may be associated with the prognosis of SAP patients and be used as a prognostic indicator for SAP patients.AIM To investigate the prognostic value of RDW for SAP patients.METHODS We retrospectively enrolled SAP patients admitted to the ICU of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from June 2015 to June 2017.According to the prognosis at 90 d,SAP patients were divided into a survival group and a non-survival group.RDW was extracted from a routine blood test.Demographic parameters and RDW were recorded and compared between the two groups.The receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve was constructed and Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the prognostic value of RDW for SAP patients.RESULTS In this retrospective cohort study,42 SAP patients were enrolled,of whom 22 survived(survival group)and 20 died(non-survival group).The baseline parameters were comparable between the two groups.The coefficient of variation of RDW(RDW-CV),standard deviation of RDW(RDW-SD),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II(APACHE II)score,and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score were significantly higher in the non-survival group than in the survival group(P<0.05).The RDW-CV and RDW-SD were significantly correlated with the APACHE II score and SOFA score,respectively.The areas under the ROC curves(AUCs)of RDW-CV and RDW-SD were all greater than those of the APACHE II score and SOFA score,among which,the AUC of RDW-SD was the greatest.The results demonstrated that RDW had better prognostic value for predicting the mortality of SAP patients.When the RDW-SD was greater than 45.5,the sensitivity for predicting prognosis was 77.8%and the specifi展开更多
The authors give a characterization of central bounded mean oscillation space CBMO2(Rγ) in terms of the central Carleson measure. Using this character, the authors establish the CBMO2(Rγ)-boundedness for several cl... The authors give a characterization of central bounded mean oscillation space CBMO2(Rγ) in terms of the central Carleson measure. Using this character, the authors establish the CBMO2(Rγ)-boundedness for several classes of general Littlewood-Paley operators.展开更多
AIM To identify which technique is better for avoiding biliary reflux and gastritis between uncut Roux-en-Y and Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction. METHODS A total of 158 patients who underwent laparoscopyassisted distal gast...AIM To identify which technique is better for avoiding biliary reflux and gastritis between uncut Roux-en-Y and Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction. METHODS A total of 158 patients who underwent laparoscopyassisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer at the First Hospital of Jilin University(Changchun, China) between February 2015 and February 2016 were randomized into two groups: uncut Roux-en-Y(group U) and Billroth II group(group B). Postoperative complications and relevant clinical data were compared between the two groups. RESULTS According to the randomization table, each group included 79 patients. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between groups U and B(7.6% vs 10.1%, P = 0.576). During the postoperative period, group U stomach p H values were lower than 7 and group B p H values were higher than 7. After 1 year of follow-up, group B presented a higher incidence of biliary reflux and alkaline gastritis. However, histopathology did not show a significant difference in gastritis diagnosis(P = 0.278), and the amount of residual food and gain of weight between the groups were also not significantly different. At 3 mo there was no evidence of partial recanalization of uncut staple line, but at 1 year the incidence was 13%. CONCLUSION Compared with Billroth II reconstruction, uncut Rouxen-Y reconstruction is secure and feasible, and can effectively reduce the incidence of alkaline reflux, residual gastritis, and heartburn. Despite the incidence of recanalization, uncut Roux-en-Y should be widely applied.展开更多
Background:Current treatment options for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-overexpressing gastric cancer at third-line have shown limited clinical benefit.Further,there is no specific treatment for HER2 i...Background:Current treatment options for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-overexpressing gastric cancer at third-line have shown limited clinical benefit.Further,there is no specific treatment for HER2 immunohistochemistry(IHC)2+and fluorescence in-situ hybridization-negative patients.Here,we report the efficacy and safety of a novel anti-HER2 antibody RC48 for patients with HER2-overexpressing,advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.Methods:Patients with HER2-overexpressing(IHC 2+or 3+),locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who were under at least second-line therapy were eligible and received RC482.5 mg/kg alone every 2 weeks.The primary endpoint was the objective response rate(ORR)assessed by an independent review committee.Secondary endpoints included progressionfree survival(PFS),overall survival(OS),duration of response,time to progression,disease control rate,and safety.Results:Of 179 patients screened,125 were eligible and received RC48 treatment.The ORR was 24.8%(95%confidence interval[CI]:17.5%-33.3%).The median PFS and OS were 4.1 months(95%CI:3.7-4.9 months)and 7.9 months(95%CI:6.7-9.9 months),respectively.The most frequently reported adverse events were decreased white blood cell count(53.6%),asthenia(53.6%),hair loss(53.6%),decreased neutrophil count(52.0%),anemia(49.6%),and increased aspartate aminotransferase level(43.2%).Serious adverse events(SAEs)occurred in 45(36.0%)patients,and RC48-related SAEs were mainly decreased neutrophil count(3.2%).Seven patients had adverse events that led to death were not RC48-related.Conclusions:RC48 showed promising activity with manageable safety,suggesting potential application in patients with HER2-overexpressing,advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who have previously received at least two lines of chemotherapy.展开更多
Diabetic retinopathy(DR) has been classically considered to be a microcirculatory disease of the retina caused by the deleterious metabolic effects of hyperglycemia per se and the metabolic pathways triggered by hyper...Diabetic retinopathy(DR) has been classically considered to be a microcirculatory disease of the retina caused by the deleterious metabolic effects of hyperglycemia per se and the metabolic pathways triggered by hyperglycemia.However,retinal neurodegeneration is already present before any microcirculatory abnormalities can be detected in ophthalmoscopic examination.In other words,retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of DR which predates and participates in the microcirculatory abnormalities that occur in DR.Therefore,the study of the mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration will be essential to identify new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR.Elevated levels of glutamate and the overexpression of the renin-angiotensin-system play an essential role in the neurodegenerative process that occurs in diabetic retina.Among neuroprotective factors,pigment epithelial derived factor,somatostatin and erythropoietin seem to be the most relevant and these will be considered in this review.Nevertheless,it should be noted that the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors rather than levels of neurotoxic factors alone will determine the presence or absence of retinal neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye.New strategies,based on either the delivery of neuroprotective agents or the blockade of neurotoxic factors,are currently being tested in experimental models and in clinical pilot studies.Whether these novel therapies will eventually supplement or prevent the need for laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy awaits the results of additional clinical research.展开更多
Hepatic fibrosis is considered a common response to many chronic hepatic injuries. It is a multifunctional process that involves several cell types, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors leading to a disruption of ...Hepatic fibrosis is considered a common response to many chronic hepatic injuries. It is a multifunctional process that involves several cell types, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors leading to a disruption of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the liver ecosystem. In spite of many studies regarding the development of fibrosis, the understanding of the pathogenesis remains obscure. The hepatic tissue remodeling process is highly complex, resulting from the balance between collagen degradation and synthesis. Among the many mediators that take part in this process, the components of the Renin angiotensin system （RAS） have progressively assumed an important role. Angiotensin （Ang） II acts as a profibrotic mediator and Ang-（1-7）, the newly recognized RAS component, appears to exert a counter-regulatory role in liver tissue. We briefly review the liver fibrosis process and current aspects of the RAS. This review also aims to discuss some experimental evidence regarding the participation of RAS mediators in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, focusing on the putative role of the ACE2-Ang-（1-7）- Mas receptor axis.展开更多
Gelatinization temperature (GT) is an important parameter for evaluating the cooking and eating quality of rice besides amylose content (AC). The inheritance of the genes affecting GT has been widely studied and is co...Gelatinization temperature (GT) is an important parameter for evaluating the cooking and eating quality of rice besides amylose content (AC). The inheritance of the genes affecting GT has been widely studied and is considered to be controlled by a major gene. Here, we report the map-based cloning of rice ALK that encodes the soluble starch synthase II (SSSII). Comparison between the DNA sequences from different rice varieties, together with the results obtained with digestion of the rice seeds in alkali solution, indicates that the base substitutions in coding se-quence of ALK may cause the alteration in GT.展开更多
Diabetic nephropathy has been the cause of lot of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is considered to be involved in most of the pathological processes that result i...Diabetic nephropathy has been the cause of lot of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is considered to be involved in most of the pathological processes that result in diabetic nephropathy. This system has various subsystems which contribute to the disease pathology. One of these involves angiotensin II (Ang II) which shows increased activity during diabetic nephropathy. This causes hypertrophy of various renal cells and has a pressor effect on arteriolar smooth muscle resulting in increased vascular pressure. Ang II also induces inflammation, apoptosis, cell growth, migration and differentiation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production responsible for renal fibrosis is also regulated by RAS. Polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and Angiotensinogen has been shown to have effects on RAS. Available treatment modalities have proven effective in controlling the progression of nephropathy. Various drugs (based on antagonism of RAS) are currently in the market and others are still under trial. Amongst the approved drugs, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in clinical practice. ARBs are shown to be superior to ACE inhibitors in terms of reducing proteinuria but the combined role of ARBs with ACE inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy is under debate.展开更多
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types o...Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.展开更多
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is efficacious in patients who have undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomies, but the success rate decreases in patients who also have experienced Braun anastomos...Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is efficacious in patients who have undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomies, but the success rate decreases in patients who also have experienced Braun anastomoses. There are currently no reports describing the preferred enterography route for cannulation in these patients. We first review the patient’s previous surgery records, which most often indicate that the efferent loop is at the greater curvature of the stomach. We recommend extending the duodenoscope along the greater curvature of the stomach and then advancing it through the “lower entrance” at the site of the gastrojejunal anastomosis, along the efferent loop, and through the “middle entrance” at the site of the Braun anastomosis to reach the papilla of Vater. Ten patients who had each undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis between January 2009 and December 2011 were included in our study. The overall success rate of enterography was 90% for the patients who had undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis, and the therapeutic success rate was 80%. We believe that this enterography route for ERCP is optimal for a patient who has had Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis and helps to increase the success rate of the procedure.展开更多
Photosynthesis is sensitive to high temperature with reversible declines during moderate stress and irreversible damage with more severe stress. While many studies have focused on the irreversible damage,the reversibl...Photosynthesis is sensitive to high temperature with reversible declines during moderate stress and irreversible damage with more severe stress. While many studies have focused on the irreversible damage,the reversible changes can tell how photosynthesis tolerates high temperature. Knowing how high temperature is tolerated could lead to ways of extending high temperature tolerance. New analytical methods have been used to probe electron and proton circuits of intact leaves at high temperature. Combined with previous work with isolated systems, it appears that there is a large change in redox distribution among thylakoid components. Photosystem I becomes more reduced but photosystem II and the stroma become more oxidized. Several lines of evidence support the existence of significant cyclic electron flow at high temperature. It is hypothesized that these changes allow for adenosine tri-phosphate homeostasis and maintenance of an energy gradient across the thylakoid membrane, helping to keep it from suffering irreversible damage at high temperature.展开更多
Objective.To investigate the effects of several vasoactive peptides on the development of arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Methods. In rat aortic artery restenosis model produced by denudation of aortic ...Objective.To investigate the effects of several vasoactive peptides on the development of arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Methods. In rat aortic artery restenosis model produced by denudation of aortic endothelia,we observed changes of endothelin(ET),angiotensin II(AII),calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)and adrenomedullin(Adm)in plasma and aorta with radioimmunoassay and expression of hypertension-related gene(HRG-1)with semi-quantitative RT-PCR,and studied the effects of these peptides on intimal hyperplasia,intima/media ratio and MAPK activities of aortic artery after angioplasty respectively. Furthermore,in cultured cells,we studied the effects of these peptides on vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC) proliferation and expression of HRG-1 of VSMC from spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)and Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)rats with 3H-TdR incorporation and RT-PCR respectively. Results. After angioplasty,the levels of ET and AII in plasma and aorta significantly increased,accompanied with VSMC proliferation and neointima hyperplasia. On day 10 after angioplasty,the levels of ET in plasma and aorta increased by 69% and 124% respectively,compared with sham group(P<0.01);and the level of aortic AII increased by 80%(P< 0.01). Antiserum against ET or inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)could significantly inhibit the proliferation of VSMC and neointima formation. Compared with the sham group,on day 3 after angioplasty,the CGRP levels in plasma and aorta increased by 64% and 89% respectively(P< 0.01)and the Adm levels in plasma and tissue increased by 129% and 102% respectively(P< 0.01). On day 10,intravenous administration of CGRP significantly inhibited the proliferation of VSMC and neointima forma-tion induced by balloon aortic injury(by 66% and 79% respectively,P< 0.01). In addition,ET and AII attenuated the expression of HRG-1 in aorta and stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity,while CGRP and Adm potentiated the expression of HRG-1 and inhibited MAPK.Conclusions. ET and AII can sti展开更多
A major problem which is poorly understood in the management of bladder cancer is low sensitivity to chemotherapy and high recurrence after transurethral resection. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signa...A major problem which is poorly understood in the management of bladder cancer is low sensitivity to chemotherapy and high recurrence after transurethral resection. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling plays a very important role in progression, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether IGF-1R was involved in the growth stimulating activity and drug resistance of bladder cancer cells. The results showed: The mRNAs of IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGF-1R were strongly expressed in serum-free cultured T24 cell line, whereas normal urothelial cells did not express these factors/receptors or only in trace levels; T24 cell responded far better to growth stimulation by IGF-1 than did normal urothelial cells; blockage of IGF1R by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) significantly inhibited the growth of T24 cell and enhanced sensitivity and apoptosis of T24 cells to mitomycin (MMC). These results suggested that blockage of IGF-IR signaling might potentially contribute to the treatment of bladder cancer cells which are insensitive to chemotherapy.展开更多
文摘以Web of Science数据库中收录的开放式创新文献为研究对象,借助Citespace II软件进行知识图谱分析,分别制作了时空分布、文献共引和关键词共现知识图谱,进而探究了开放式创新研究的分布状况、变化趋势和热点领域。研究表明:(1)英美两国学者引领了开放式创新研究,我国学者在该领域的研究处于稳步提升阶段,但能够密切跟踪国际前沿;(2)开放式创新研究的发展趋势是研究对象日趋多样化、实证研究取代案例研究成为主要研究方法以及基于网络社区的创新交互逐步取代企业实体之间的技术交易和合作研发成为研究主流;(3)开放式创新研究的四个热点领域是开放式创新模式与企业绩效的关系、基于创新网络的研发合作和技术交易、开放式创新知识治理和用户参与的开放式创新实践应用。
基金Supported by Health and Birth Control Committee of Liaoning Province,China
文摘BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a common condition in the intensive care unit(ICU)and has a high mortality.Early evaluation of the severity and prognosis is very important for SAP therapy.Recently,red blood cell distribution(RDW)was associated with mortality of sepsis patients and could be used as a predictor of prognosis.Similarly,RDW may be associated with the prognosis of SAP patients and be used as a prognostic indicator for SAP patients.AIM To investigate the prognostic value of RDW for SAP patients.METHODS We retrospectively enrolled SAP patients admitted to the ICU of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from June 2015 to June 2017.According to the prognosis at 90 d,SAP patients were divided into a survival group and a non-survival group.RDW was extracted from a routine blood test.Demographic parameters and RDW were recorded and compared between the two groups.The receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve was constructed and Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the prognostic value of RDW for SAP patients.RESULTS In this retrospective cohort study,42 SAP patients were enrolled,of whom 22 survived(survival group)and 20 died(non-survival group).The baseline parameters were comparable between the two groups.The coefficient of variation of RDW(RDW-CV),standard deviation of RDW(RDW-SD),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II(APACHE II)score,and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score were significantly higher in the non-survival group than in the survival group(P<0.05).The RDW-CV and RDW-SD were significantly correlated with the APACHE II score and SOFA score,respectively.The areas under the ROC curves(AUCs)of RDW-CV and RDW-SD were all greater than those of the APACHE II score and SOFA score,among which,the AUC of RDW-SD was the greatest.The results demonstrated that RDW had better prognostic value for predicting the mortality of SAP patients.When the RDW-SD was greater than 45.5,the sensitivity for predicting prognosis was 77.8%and the specifi
文摘 The authors give a characterization of central bounded mean oscillation space CBMO2(Rγ) in terms of the central Carleson measure. Using this character, the authors establish the CBMO2(Rγ)-boundedness for several classes of general Littlewood-Paley operators.
文摘AIM To identify which technique is better for avoiding biliary reflux and gastritis between uncut Roux-en-Y and Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction. METHODS A total of 158 patients who underwent laparoscopyassisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer at the First Hospital of Jilin University(Changchun, China) between February 2015 and February 2016 were randomized into two groups: uncut Roux-en-Y(group U) and Billroth II group(group B). Postoperative complications and relevant clinical data were compared between the two groups. RESULTS According to the randomization table, each group included 79 patients. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between groups U and B(7.6% vs 10.1%, P = 0.576). During the postoperative period, group U stomach p H values were lower than 7 and group B p H values were higher than 7. After 1 year of follow-up, group B presented a higher incidence of biliary reflux and alkaline gastritis. However, histopathology did not show a significant difference in gastritis diagnosis(P = 0.278), and the amount of residual food and gain of weight between the groups were also not significantly different. At 3 mo there was no evidence of partial recanalization of uncut staple line, but at 1 year the incidence was 13%. CONCLUSION Compared with Billroth II reconstruction, uncut Rouxen-Y reconstruction is secure and feasible, and can effectively reduce the incidence of alkaline reflux, residual gastritis, and heartburn. Despite the incidence of recanalization, uncut Roux-en-Y should be widely applied.
基金This study was funded by RemeGen Co.,Ltd.This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91959205)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2017YFC1308900,No.2018ZX09201-015)Beijing Municipal Health Commission(No.2020-1-1022)。
文摘Background:Current treatment options for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-overexpressing gastric cancer at third-line have shown limited clinical benefit.Further,there is no specific treatment for HER2 immunohistochemistry(IHC)2+and fluorescence in-situ hybridization-negative patients.Here,we report the efficacy and safety of a novel anti-HER2 antibody RC48 for patients with HER2-overexpressing,advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.Methods:Patients with HER2-overexpressing(IHC 2+or 3+),locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who were under at least second-line therapy were eligible and received RC482.5 mg/kg alone every 2 weeks.The primary endpoint was the objective response rate(ORR)assessed by an independent review committee.Secondary endpoints included progressionfree survival(PFS),overall survival(OS),duration of response,time to progression,disease control rate,and safety.Results:Of 179 patients screened,125 were eligible and received RC48 treatment.The ORR was 24.8%(95%confidence interval[CI]:17.5%-33.3%).The median PFS and OS were 4.1 months(95%CI:3.7-4.9 months)and 7.9 months(95%CI:6.7-9.9 months),respectively.The most frequently reported adverse events were decreased white blood cell count(53.6%),asthenia(53.6%),hair loss(53.6%),decreased neutrophil count(52.0%),anemia(49.6%),and increased aspartate aminotransferase level(43.2%).Serious adverse events(SAEs)occurred in 45(36.0%)patients,and RC48-related SAEs were mainly decreased neutrophil count(3.2%).Seven patients had adverse events that led to death were not RC48-related.Conclusions:RC48 showed promising activity with manageable safety,suggesting potential application in patients with HER2-overexpressing,advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who have previously received at least two lines of chemotherapy.
基金Supported by Grants from the Ministerio de Cienciae Innovacion,No.SAF2009-07408CIBER de Diabetesy Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas and Generaltitat de Catalunya,No. 2009SGR739
文摘Diabetic retinopathy(DR) has been classically considered to be a microcirculatory disease of the retina caused by the deleterious metabolic effects of hyperglycemia per se and the metabolic pathways triggered by hyperglycemia.However,retinal neurodegeneration is already present before any microcirculatory abnormalities can be detected in ophthalmoscopic examination.In other words,retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of DR which predates and participates in the microcirculatory abnormalities that occur in DR.Therefore,the study of the mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration will be essential to identify new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR.Elevated levels of glutamate and the overexpression of the renin-angiotensin-system play an essential role in the neurodegenerative process that occurs in diabetic retina.Among neuroprotective factors,pigment epithelial derived factor,somatostatin and erythropoietin seem to be the most relevant and these will be considered in this review.Nevertheless,it should be noted that the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors rather than levels of neurotoxic factors alone will determine the presence or absence of retinal neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye.New strategies,based on either the delivery of neuroprotective agents or the blockade of neurotoxic factors,are currently being tested in experimental models and in clinical pilot studies.Whether these novel therapies will eventually supplement or prevent the need for laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy awaits the results of additional clinical research.
文摘Hepatic fibrosis is considered a common response to many chronic hepatic injuries. It is a multifunctional process that involves several cell types, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors leading to a disruption of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the liver ecosystem. In spite of many studies regarding the development of fibrosis, the understanding of the pathogenesis remains obscure. The hepatic tissue remodeling process is highly complex, resulting from the balance between collagen degradation and synthesis. Among the many mediators that take part in this process, the components of the Renin angiotensin system （RAS） have progressively assumed an important role. Angiotensin （Ang） II acts as a profibrotic mediator and Ang-（1-7）, the newly recognized RAS component, appears to exert a counter-regulatory role in liver tissue. We briefly review the liver fibrosis process and current aspects of the RAS. This review also aims to discuss some experimental evidence regarding the participation of RAS mediators in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, focusing on the putative role of the ACE2-Ang-（1-7）- Mas receptor axis.
基金supported by the National Special Program for Research and Transgenic Plants(Grant No.JY03-A-07-01)Natural Science Foundation,Zhejiang Province.
文摘Gelatinization temperature (GT) is an important parameter for evaluating the cooking and eating quality of rice besides amylose content (AC). The inheritance of the genes affecting GT has been widely studied and is considered to be controlled by a major gene. Here, we report the map-based cloning of rice ALK that encodes the soluble starch synthase II (SSSII). Comparison between the DNA sequences from different rice varieties, together with the results obtained with digestion of the rice seeds in alkali solution, indicates that the base substitutions in coding se-quence of ALK may cause the alteration in GT.
文摘Diabetic nephropathy has been the cause of lot of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is considered to be involved in most of the pathological processes that result in diabetic nephropathy. This system has various subsystems which contribute to the disease pathology. One of these involves angiotensin II (Ang II) which shows increased activity during diabetic nephropathy. This causes hypertrophy of various renal cells and has a pressor effect on arteriolar smooth muscle resulting in increased vascular pressure. Ang II also induces inflammation, apoptosis, cell growth, migration and differentiation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production responsible for renal fibrosis is also regulated by RAS. Polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and Angiotensinogen has been shown to have effects on RAS. Available treatment modalities have proven effective in controlling the progression of nephropathy. Various drugs (based on antagonism of RAS) are currently in the market and others are still under trial. Amongst the approved drugs, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in clinical practice. ARBs are shown to be superior to ACE inhibitors in terms of reducing proteinuria but the combined role of ARBs with ACE inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy is under debate.
文摘Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.
基金Supported by Shanghai Education Commission Scientific Research and Innovation ProjectNo.11YZ55
文摘Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is efficacious in patients who have undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomies, but the success rate decreases in patients who also have experienced Braun anastomoses. There are currently no reports describing the preferred enterography route for cannulation in these patients. We first review the patient’s previous surgery records, which most often indicate that the efferent loop is at the greater curvature of the stomach. We recommend extending the duodenoscope along the greater curvature of the stomach and then advancing it through the “lower entrance” at the site of the gastrojejunal anastomosis, along the efferent loop, and through the “middle entrance” at the site of the Braun anastomosis to reach the papilla of Vater. Ten patients who had each undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis between January 2009 and December 2011 were included in our study. The overall success rate of enterography was 90% for the patients who had undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis, and the therapeutic success rate was 80%. We believe that this enterography route for ERCP is optimal for a patient who has had Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis and helps to increase the success rate of the procedure.
基金supported by National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research,Education and Extension Service(grant number 2004-35100-14860 and project numberMICL03483)
文摘Photosynthesis is sensitive to high temperature with reversible declines during moderate stress and irreversible damage with more severe stress. While many studies have focused on the irreversible damage,the reversible changes can tell how photosynthesis tolerates high temperature. Knowing how high temperature is tolerated could lead to ways of extending high temperature tolerance. New analytical methods have been used to probe electron and proton circuits of intact leaves at high temperature. Combined with previous work with isolated systems, it appears that there is a large change in redox distribution among thylakoid components. Photosystem I becomes more reduced but photosystem II and the stroma become more oxidized. Several lines of evidence support the existence of significant cyclic electron flow at high temperature. It is hypothesized that these changes allow for adenosine tri-phosphate homeostasis and maintenance of an energy gradient across the thylakoid membrane, helping to keep it from suffering irreversible damage at high temperature.
基金This work was supported by the research grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (39870355).This work was originally published in National Medical Journal of China(2001 18: 162-167)in Chinese.
文摘Objective.To investigate the effects of several vasoactive peptides on the development of arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Methods. In rat aortic artery restenosis model produced by denudation of aortic endothelia,we observed changes of endothelin(ET),angiotensin II(AII),calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)and adrenomedullin(Adm)in plasma and aorta with radioimmunoassay and expression of hypertension-related gene(HRG-1)with semi-quantitative RT-PCR,and studied the effects of these peptides on intimal hyperplasia,intima/media ratio and MAPK activities of aortic artery after angioplasty respectively. Furthermore,in cultured cells,we studied the effects of these peptides on vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC) proliferation and expression of HRG-1 of VSMC from spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)and Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)rats with 3H-TdR incorporation and RT-PCR respectively. Results. After angioplasty,the levels of ET and AII in plasma and aorta significantly increased,accompanied with VSMC proliferation and neointima hyperplasia. On day 10 after angioplasty,the levels of ET in plasma and aorta increased by 69% and 124% respectively,compared with sham group(P<0.01);and the level of aortic AII increased by 80%(P< 0.01). Antiserum against ET or inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)could significantly inhibit the proliferation of VSMC and neointima formation. Compared with the sham group,on day 3 after angioplasty,the CGRP levels in plasma and aorta increased by 64% and 89% respectively(P< 0.01)and the Adm levels in plasma and tissue increased by 129% and 102% respectively(P< 0.01). On day 10,intravenous administration of CGRP significantly inhibited the proliferation of VSMC and neointima forma-tion induced by balloon aortic injury(by 66% and 79% respectively,P< 0.01). In addition,ET and AII attenuated the expression of HRG-1 in aorta and stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity,while CGRP and Adm potentiated the expression of HRG-1 and inhibited MAPK.Conclusions. ET and AII can sti
文摘A major problem which is poorly understood in the management of bladder cancer is low sensitivity to chemotherapy and high recurrence after transurethral resection. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling plays a very important role in progression, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether IGF-1R was involved in the growth stimulating activity and drug resistance of bladder cancer cells. The results showed: The mRNAs of IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGF-1R were strongly expressed in serum-free cultured T24 cell line, whereas normal urothelial cells did not express these factors/receptors or only in trace levels; T24 cell responded far better to growth stimulation by IGF-1 than did normal urothelial cells; blockage of IGF1R by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) significantly inhibited the growth of T24 cell and enhanced sensitivity and apoptosis of T24 cells to mitomycin (MMC). These results suggested that blockage of IGF-IR signaling might potentially contribute to the treatment of bladder cancer cells which are insensitive to chemotherapy.
