中国东北地区古人类活动的研究工作开展已近百年,产生了大量的研究材料与成果。然而,区域内古人类活动遗址空间分布的制约因素与古人类适应行为关系尚不明确。本研究从地学考古视角出发,利用地理信息系统与遗址数据库,系统整理旧石器时...中国东北地区古人类活动的研究工作开展已近百年,产生了大量的研究材料与成果。然而,区域内古人类活动遗址空间分布的制约因素与古人类适应行为关系尚不明确。本研究从地学考古视角出发,利用地理信息系统与遗址数据库,系统整理旧石器时代东北地区的地质环境和气候信息,阐释遗址的时空分布特征;通过对遗址高程、坡度、坡向、到河流的距离等地学指标的提取与统计分析,结合古人类对石器原料的开发与技术适应策略,探讨东北地区古人类的环境适应与生存行为模式变化。结果表明,东北地区旧石器时代古人类遗址的时空分布与各时期的地质地貌环境有着密切关系。东北地区旧石器时代大致分为早期(500~128 ka B.P.)、中期(128~35 ka B.P.)和晚期(35~10 ka B.P.)等3个时期。旧石器时代早期,受松辽湖盆阻隔及渤海海侵影响,遗址零星分布于东北地区东南部;中期,受到气候波动与晚更新世海侵海退的影响,遗址集中分布于东南部狭长地带;到旧石器时代晚期,松辽湖盆疏干,古人类遗址广泛分布于整个东北地区。遗址地学指标分析反映出古人类活动空间向高地和旷野的不断扩张趋势。上述结果表明,随着时间的推移,古人类环境适应能力不断增强,能积极应对末次冰期极盛期的气候挑战,生存策略从早期的避险性转变向晚期的扩张性;古人类原料开发利用模式也折射出他们技术能力的增强与认知水平的提高。展开更多
Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. ...Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. Total concentration of the detected carbonyls ranged from 20.7 to 189.1 I.tg.m3, and among them acetone and formaldehyde were the most abundant, with mean concentrations of 26.4 and 22.6gg.m-3, respectively. Average indoor concentrations of other carbonyls were below I 0 gg. m^3. Principal component analysis identified a combined effect of common indoor carbonyl sources and ventilation on indoor carbonyl levels. Diurnal variations of the carbonyl compounds were investigated in one office room, and carbonyl concentrations tended to be lower in the daytime than at night, due to enhanced ventilation. Average concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the office room were generally higher in early May than in late February, indicating the influence of temperature. Carbo- nyl source emission rates from both the room and human occupants were estimated during two lectures, based on one-compartment mass balance model. The influence of human occupants on indoor carbonyl concentrations varies with environmental conditions, and may become signifi- cant in the case of a large human occupancy.展开更多
研究中东亚干旱区2001-2013年期间土地覆盖变化特征和人类活动对潜在自然植被的影响程度,对保护生态环境和合理利用土地资源具有重要意义。本研究首先基于气象数据和综合顺序分类法(comprehensive and sequential classification system...研究中东亚干旱区2001-2013年期间土地覆盖变化特征和人类活动对潜在自然植被的影响程度,对保护生态环境和合理利用土地资源具有重要意义。本研究首先基于气象数据和综合顺序分类法(comprehensive and sequential classification system,CSCS)模型模拟了中东亚干旱区的潜在自然植被分布状况,其次基于2001-2013年的MODIS土地覆盖数据集分析了土地覆盖变化情况,最后在前两者的基础上研究了潜在自然植被的人类占用强度及其变化特征。结果表明,1)潜在自然植被以林地、草地、冻原、荒漠四大类为主;2)中东亚干旱区土地覆盖变化较大,其中中亚灌丛面积波动增加,中国华北干旱区农田面积扩张明显,蒙古国中西部灌丛和草地覆盖面积明显减少;3)研究区人类占用强度增强。其中,2010-2013年增长较为明显,4年间人类占用面积占研究区面积的比例增长了1.45%。潜在草地人类占用比例在2009-2013年间增幅最大,为2.88%;潜在林地人类占用比例在2001-2005年间增幅最大,为6.99%。4)在北哈萨克斯坦三州(北哈萨克斯坦州、阿克莫拉州、库斯塔奈州),人口迁移是潜在自然植被人类占用强度变化的主要因素,2006-2013年间人类占用强度比例增长了11.38%;中国的呼伦贝尔和山西干旱区,农业开发是人类占用强度增大的主要因素,2001-2013年间人类占用强度比例分别增长了6.62%和17.64%。展开更多
文摘中国东北地区古人类活动的研究工作开展已近百年,产生了大量的研究材料与成果。然而,区域内古人类活动遗址空间分布的制约因素与古人类适应行为关系尚不明确。本研究从地学考古视角出发,利用地理信息系统与遗址数据库,系统整理旧石器时代东北地区的地质环境和气候信息,阐释遗址的时空分布特征;通过对遗址高程、坡度、坡向、到河流的距离等地学指标的提取与统计分析,结合古人类对石器原料的开发与技术适应策略,探讨东北地区古人类的环境适应与生存行为模式变化。结果表明,东北地区旧石器时代古人类遗址的时空分布与各时期的地质地貌环境有着密切关系。东北地区旧石器时代大致分为早期(500~128 ka B.P.)、中期(128~35 ka B.P.)和晚期(35~10 ka B.P.)等3个时期。旧石器时代早期,受松辽湖盆阻隔及渤海海侵影响,遗址零星分布于东北地区东南部;中期,受到气候波动与晚更新世海侵海退的影响,遗址集中分布于东南部狭长地带;到旧石器时代晚期,松辽湖盆疏干,古人类遗址广泛分布于整个东北地区。遗址地学指标分析反映出古人类活动空间向高地和旷野的不断扩张趋势。上述结果表明,随着时间的推移,古人类环境适应能力不断增强,能积极应对末次冰期极盛期的气候挑战,生存策略从早期的避险性转变向晚期的扩张性;古人类原料开发利用模式也折射出他们技术能力的增强与认知水平的提高。
文摘Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. Total concentration of the detected carbonyls ranged from 20.7 to 189.1 I.tg.m3, and among them acetone and formaldehyde were the most abundant, with mean concentrations of 26.4 and 22.6gg.m-3, respectively. Average indoor concentrations of other carbonyls were below I 0 gg. m^3. Principal component analysis identified a combined effect of common indoor carbonyl sources and ventilation on indoor carbonyl levels. Diurnal variations of the carbonyl compounds were investigated in one office room, and carbonyl concentrations tended to be lower in the daytime than at night, due to enhanced ventilation. Average concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the office room were generally higher in early May than in late February, indicating the influence of temperature. Carbo- nyl source emission rates from both the room and human occupants were estimated during two lectures, based on one-compartment mass balance model. The influence of human occupants on indoor carbonyl concentrations varies with environmental conditions, and may become signifi- cant in the case of a large human occupancy.
文摘研究中东亚干旱区2001-2013年期间土地覆盖变化特征和人类活动对潜在自然植被的影响程度,对保护生态环境和合理利用土地资源具有重要意义。本研究首先基于气象数据和综合顺序分类法(comprehensive and sequential classification system,CSCS)模型模拟了中东亚干旱区的潜在自然植被分布状况,其次基于2001-2013年的MODIS土地覆盖数据集分析了土地覆盖变化情况,最后在前两者的基础上研究了潜在自然植被的人类占用强度及其变化特征。结果表明,1)潜在自然植被以林地、草地、冻原、荒漠四大类为主;2)中东亚干旱区土地覆盖变化较大,其中中亚灌丛面积波动增加,中国华北干旱区农田面积扩张明显,蒙古国中西部灌丛和草地覆盖面积明显减少;3)研究区人类占用强度增强。其中,2010-2013年增长较为明显,4年间人类占用面积占研究区面积的比例增长了1.45%。潜在草地人类占用比例在2009-2013年间增幅最大,为2.88%;潜在林地人类占用比例在2001-2005年间增幅最大,为6.99%。4)在北哈萨克斯坦三州(北哈萨克斯坦州、阿克莫拉州、库斯塔奈州),人口迁移是潜在自然植被人类占用强度变化的主要因素,2006-2013年间人类占用强度比例增长了11.38%;中国的呼伦贝尔和山西干旱区,农业开发是人类占用强度增大的主要因素,2001-2013年间人类占用强度比例分别增长了6.62%和17.64%。
