Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bom...Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bombing terrorist attacks and used the Haddon matrix to explore medical response strategies.Methods:First,we analyzed 111 subway bombings from 1970 to 2017 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database to provide a reference for the strategy exploration.Then,we convened an expert panel to use the Haddon matrix to explore the medical response strategies to subway bombings.Results:In recent decades,at least one bombing attack occurs every 3 years.Summarized by the Haddon matrix,the influencing factors of medical responses to conventional subway bombings include the adequacy of first-aid kits and the medical evacuation equipment,the traffic conditions affecting the evacuation,the continuity and stability of communication,as well as the factors exclusively attributed to dirty bomb attacks in subways,such as ionizing radiation protection capabilities,the structure of the radiation sickness treatment network based on the subway lines,and the disposal of radioactive sewage.These factors form the basis of the strategy discussion.Conclusions:Since subway bombings are long-term threats,it is necessary to have proper medical response preparation.Based on the Haddon matrix,we explored the medical response strategies for terrorist subway bombings,especially dirty bomb attacks.Haddon matrix can help policymakers systematically find the most important factors,which makes the preparations of the response more efficient.展开更多
The tragedy of Vila Socó epitomizes the socio-environmental repercussions of rapid industrialization in Cubatão. Beginning in the 1940s with the construction of the Anchieta highway, the city experienced an ...The tragedy of Vila Socó epitomizes the socio-environmental repercussions of rapid industrialization in Cubatão. Beginning in the 1940s with the construction of the Anchieta highway, the city experienced an influx of migrants drawn by burgeoning industries, leading to unplanned urban growth and the emergence of vulnerable communities like Vila Socó. This article examines the interconnected factors—such as demographic shifts, inadequate planning, and regulatory oversight—that culminated in the devastating fire of 1984, claiming numerous lives and highlighting systemic failures. Utilizing the Haddon Matrix, this study dissects the Vila Socó incident, emphasizing the roles of human error, infrastructure integrity, and socio-economic disparities in disaster causation. By contextualizing the tragedy within Cubatão’s industrial trajectory, it underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessment and proactive mitigation strategies in rapidly developing regions globally. Beyond its immediate focus, this work offers broader insights into the dynamics of industrial disasters and their socio-economic implications. As pipelines continue to play a vital role in global energy infrastructure, the lessons drawn from Vila Socó’s tragedy resonate deeply, emphasizing the imperative of robust safety protocols and accountable governance to prevent similar catastrophes in the future.展开更多
In the mid-20th century, the Malaria Institute in Brazil researched hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and other organochlorines in Cidade dos Meninos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After Ma...In the mid-20th century, the Malaria Institute in Brazil researched hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and other organochlorines in Cidade dos Meninos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After Malaria Institute closure, there was a 200-ton stock of chemicals compounds abandoned without any surveillance, which led to massive contamination of the nearby community by carcinogenic organochlorines. This article presents a new review of the Cidade dos Meninos’ case, analyzing the HCH and DDT contamination using a Haddon Matrix and Regional Screening Levels (RSL).展开更多
文摘Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bombing terrorist attacks and used the Haddon matrix to explore medical response strategies.Methods:First,we analyzed 111 subway bombings from 1970 to 2017 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database to provide a reference for the strategy exploration.Then,we convened an expert panel to use the Haddon matrix to explore the medical response strategies to subway bombings.Results:In recent decades,at least one bombing attack occurs every 3 years.Summarized by the Haddon matrix,the influencing factors of medical responses to conventional subway bombings include the adequacy of first-aid kits and the medical evacuation equipment,the traffic conditions affecting the evacuation,the continuity and stability of communication,as well as the factors exclusively attributed to dirty bomb attacks in subways,such as ionizing radiation protection capabilities,the structure of the radiation sickness treatment network based on the subway lines,and the disposal of radioactive sewage.These factors form the basis of the strategy discussion.Conclusions:Since subway bombings are long-term threats,it is necessary to have proper medical response preparation.Based on the Haddon matrix,we explored the medical response strategies for terrorist subway bombings,especially dirty bomb attacks.Haddon matrix can help policymakers systematically find the most important factors,which makes the preparations of the response more efficient.
文摘The tragedy of Vila Socó epitomizes the socio-environmental repercussions of rapid industrialization in Cubatão. Beginning in the 1940s with the construction of the Anchieta highway, the city experienced an influx of migrants drawn by burgeoning industries, leading to unplanned urban growth and the emergence of vulnerable communities like Vila Socó. This article examines the interconnected factors—such as demographic shifts, inadequate planning, and regulatory oversight—that culminated in the devastating fire of 1984, claiming numerous lives and highlighting systemic failures. Utilizing the Haddon Matrix, this study dissects the Vila Socó incident, emphasizing the roles of human error, infrastructure integrity, and socio-economic disparities in disaster causation. By contextualizing the tragedy within Cubatão’s industrial trajectory, it underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessment and proactive mitigation strategies in rapidly developing regions globally. Beyond its immediate focus, this work offers broader insights into the dynamics of industrial disasters and their socio-economic implications. As pipelines continue to play a vital role in global energy infrastructure, the lessons drawn from Vila Socó’s tragedy resonate deeply, emphasizing the imperative of robust safety protocols and accountable governance to prevent similar catastrophes in the future.
文摘In the mid-20th century, the Malaria Institute in Brazil researched hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and other organochlorines in Cidade dos Meninos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After Malaria Institute closure, there was a 200-ton stock of chemicals compounds abandoned without any surveillance, which led to massive contamination of the nearby community by carcinogenic organochlorines. This article presents a new review of the Cidade dos Meninos’ case, analyzing the HCH and DDT contamination using a Haddon Matrix and Regional Screening Levels (RSL).
