1.No global progress on youth physical activity prevalenceTagedEnd TagedPDespite hundreds of intervention studies over decennia that have been dedicated to developing and testing programs and strategies to promote phy...1.No global progress on youth physical activity prevalenceTagedEnd TagedPDespite hundreds of intervention studies over decennia that have been dedicated to developing and testing programs and strategies to promote physical activity(PA)in adolescents,14 global inactivity levels remain persistently high.Based on self-report data from 1.6 million schoolgoing adolescents from 146 countries,Guthold et al.5 confirmed previous urgent calls to get adolescents more active.Researchers from the World Health Organization(WHO)recently published global prevalence rates and the first ever global time trends for insufficient PA in youth.They reported that more than 80%of school-going adolescents globally did not meet the current recommendations of at least 1 h of PA per day.展开更多
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease,affecting-200 million people around the world.As a complex disease,osteoporosis is influenced by many factors,including diet(e.g.calcium and protein intake),physical activity,...Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease,affecting-200 million people around the world.As a complex disease,osteoporosis is influenced by many factors,including diet(e.g.calcium and protein intake),physical activity,endocrine status,coexisting diseases and genetic factors.In this review,we first summarize the discovery from genome-wide association studies(GWASs)in the bone field in the last 12 years.To date,GWASs and meta-analyses have discovered hundreds of loci that are associated with bone mineral density(BMD),osteoporosis,and osteoporotic fractures.However,the GWAS approach has sometimes been criticized because of the small effect size of the discovered variants and the mystery of missing heritability,these two questions could be partially explained by the newly raised conceptual models,such as omnigenic model and natural selection.Finally,we introduce the clinical use of GWAS findings in the bone field,such as the identification of causal clinical risk factors,the development of drug targets and disease prediction.Despite the fruitful GWAS discoveries in the bone field,most of these GWAS participants were of European descent,and more genetic studies should be carried out in other ethnic populations to benefit disease prediction in the corresponding population.展开更多
Heterosis has long been exploited in the hybrid seed industry,which contributes to high and stable yields of modern agriculture(Huang et al.,2016).However,heterosis phenotypes of hybrid plants are segregated in its of...Heterosis has long been exploited in the hybrid seed industry,which contributes to high and stable yields of modern agriculture(Huang et al.,2016).However,heterosis phenotypes of hybrid plants are segregated in its offspring.Apomixis allows instant fixation and propagation though seeds with heterozygous genotypes,showing great potential in plant breeding and agricultural practice(Ye and Cui,2019).Apomixis naturally occurs in hundreds of plant species,but it is absent in major crop species(Underwood and Mercier,2022).Recently,synthetic apomixis has been engineered in rice by combining Mitosis instead of Meiosis(MiMe)with a mutation of MATRILINEAL or ectopic expression of BABY BOOM1(BBM1),enabling clonal reproduction of F1 hybrids through seeds and stable transmission of heterotic phenotypes over generations(Khanday et al.,2019;Wang et al.,2019;Liu et al.,2022).However,the fertility of both two strategies was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild type,which hinders the application of both strategies in agriculture.In this study,we established synthetic apomixis with a high fertility that is almost comparable to normal hybrid rice.展开更多
1.Introduction 2020 is an unusual year in which the COVID-19 pandemic has raged through the globe,infecting tens of millions of people and killing hundreds of thousands.The pandemic has not only wreaked havoc on publi...1.Introduction 2020 is an unusual year in which the COVID-19 pandemic has raged through the globe,infecting tens of millions of people and killing hundreds of thousands.The pandemic has not only wreaked havoc on public health systems,economic activities,and people's lives,but also has greatly affected and will continue to reshape the world's political,economic,and trade patterns.展开更多
Faced with hundreds of thousands of news articles in the news websites,it is difficult for users to find the news articles they are interested in.Therefore,various news recommender systems were built.In the news recom...Faced with hundreds of thousands of news articles in the news websites,it is difficult for users to find the news articles they are interested in.Therefore,various news recommender systems were built.In the news recommendation,these news articles read by a user is typically in the form of a time sequence.However,traditional news recommendation algorithms rarely consider the time sequence characteristic of user browsing behaviors.Therefore,the performance of traditional news recommendation algorithms is not good enough in predicting the next news article which a user will read.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a time-ordered collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm(TOCF),which takes the time sequence characteristic of user behaviors into account.Besides,a new method to compute the similarity among different users,named time-dependent similarity,is proposed.To demonstrate the efficiency of our solution,extensive experiments are conducted along with detailed performance analysis.展开更多
Mechanical forces are key regulators of cellular behavior and function,affecting many fundamental biological processes such as cell migration,embryogenesis,immunological responses,and pathological states.Specialized f...Mechanical forces are key regulators of cellular behavior and function,affecting many fundamental biological processes such as cell migration,embryogenesis,immunological responses,and pathological states.Specialized force sensors and imaging techniques have been developed to quantify these otherwise invisible forces in single cells and in vivo.However,current techniques rely heavily on high-resolution microscopy and do not allow interrogation of optically dense tissue,reducing their application to 2D cell cultures and highly transparent biological tissue.Here,we introduce DEFORM,deformable microlaser force sensing,a spectroscopic technique that detects sub-nanonewton forces with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution.DEFORM is based on the spectral analysis of laser emission from dye-doped oil microdroplets and uses the force-induced lifting of laser mode degeneracy in these droplets to detect nanometer deformations.Following validation by atomic force microscopy and development of a model that links changes in laser spectrum to applied force,DEFORM is used to measure forces in 3D and at depths of hundreds of microns within tumor spheroids and late-stage Drosophila larva.We furthermore show continuous force sensing with single-cell spatial and millisecond temporal resolution,thus paving the way for non-invasive studies of biomechanical forces in advanced stages of embryogenesis,tissue remodeling,and tumor invasion.展开更多
We extend the transmission range of non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication to 500 m in a real-time system experiment using a 200 mW solid-state 266 nm laser,where the data rate can reach 400 kbps at a frame error...We extend the transmission range of non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication to 500 m in a real-time system experiment using a 200 mW solid-state 266 nm laser,where the data rate can reach 400 kbps at a frame error rate lower than 10-5 in the real-time system test.The results can beat the best record so far,in terms of both the data rate and transmission distance.展开更多
Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical syste...Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS).However,the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges,including collapse and rupture of the graphene.We have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high yields.We have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7µm to 110µm,and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5µm×5µm×16.4µm to 100µm×100µm×16.4µm in size.Our approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies,and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were>90%,with>70%of the graphene membranes having>90%graphene area without visible defects.The measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz,with quality factors ranging from 63 to 148.The graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust,and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope(AFM)tip of up to~7000nN.The proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.展开更多
The use of broadband laser technology is a novel approach for inhibiting processes related to laser plasma interactions(LPIs).In this study,several preliminary experiments into broadband-laser-driven LPIs are carried ...The use of broadband laser technology is a novel approach for inhibiting processes related to laser plasma interactions(LPIs).In this study,several preliminary experiments into broadband-laser-driven LPIs are carried out using a newly established hundreds-of-joules broadband second-harmonic-generation laser facility.Through direct comparison with LPI results for a traditional narrowband laser,the actual LPI-suppression effect of the broadband laser is shown.The broadband laser had a clear suppressive effect on both back-stimulated Raman scattering and back-stimulated Brillouin scattering at laser intensities below 1×10^(15) W cm^(−2).An abnormal hot-electron phenomenon is also investigated,using targets of different thicknesses.展开更多
Efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 crisis revealed that fast,accurate,and scalable testing is crucial for curbing the current impact and that of future pandemics.We propose an optical method for directly imaging unlabel...Efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 crisis revealed that fast,accurate,and scalable testing is crucial for curbing the current impact and that of future pandemics.We propose an optical method for directly imaging unlabeled viral particles and using deep learning for detection and classification.An ultrasensitive interferometric method was used to image four virus types with nanoscale optical path-length sensitivity.Pairing these data with fluorescence images for ground truth,we trained semantic segmentation models based on U-Net,a particular type of convolutional neural network.The trained network was applied to classify the viruses from the interferometric images only,containing simultaneously SARS-CoV-2,H1N1(influenza-A virus),HAdV(adenovirus),and ZIKV(Zika virus).Remarkably,due to the nanoscale sensitivity in the input data,the neural network was able to identify SARS-CoV-2 vs.the other viruses with 96%accuracy.The inference time for each image is 60 ms,on a common graphic-processing unit.This approach of directly imaging unlabeled viral particles may provide an extremely fast test,of less than a minute per patient.As the imaging instrument operates on regular glass slides,we envision this method as potentially testing on patient breath condensates.The necessary high throughput can be achieved by translating concepts from digital pathology,where a microscope can scan hundreds of slides automatically.展开更多
Hydrogen(H)is the most abundant element in the known universe,and on the Earth’s surface it bonds with oxygen to form water,which is a distinguishing feature of this planet.In the Earth’s deep mantle,His stored hydr...Hydrogen(H)is the most abundant element in the known universe,and on the Earth’s surface it bonds with oxygen to form water,which is a distinguishing feature of this planet.In the Earth’s deep mantle,His stored hydroxyl(OH−)in hydrous or nominally anhydrous minerals.Despite its ubiquity on the surface,the abundance ofHin the Earth’s deep interior is uncertain.Estimates of the totalHbudget in the Earth’s interior have ranged from less than one hydrosphere,which assumes an H-depleted interior,to hundreds of hydrospheres,which assumes thatHis siderophile(iron-loving)in the core.This discrepancy raises the questions of how H is stored and transported in the Earth’s deep interior,the answers to which will constrain its behavior in the deep lower mantle,which is defined as the layer between 1700 km depth and the core–mantle boundary.展开更多
China will unswervingly follow the path it has chosen and the direction it has set-and I look forward to continuing to experience this as an observer and participant.THE People’s Republic of China(PRC),founded in 194...China will unswervingly follow the path it has chosen and the direction it has set-and I look forward to continuing to experience this as an observer and participant.THE People’s Republic of China(PRC),founded in 1949,is still quite young at 75 years old.Within this short period of time China has not only been transformed from an underdeveloped agricultural state into a leading economic power and become the number one global driving force,it has also lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty,providing modest prosperity for all in a historically short period of time.Many Chinese today drive expensive German cars and own condominiums or apartments,and the number of billionaires in China is in the high three-digit range.展开更多
TagedPIn February and March 2022,China will host the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.The vision for this landmark event promises a“joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow uniting the passion of hund...TagedPIn February and March 2022,China will host the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.The vision for this landmark event promises a“joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow uniting the passion of hundreds of millions for winter sports”.1 Themes have been developed to create a positive environmental impact with new development for the northern region of the country and to promote winter sports and improve the health and well-being of the Chinese people.The key messages for the winter games include inspiring youth with the Olympic spirit and encouraging millions to embrace winter sports.Notably,the Chinese government aims to mobilize at least 300 million of its citizens to engage in winter sports as an outcome of hosting the Winter Olympic Games.展开更多
The 1,4-naphthoquinones(1,4-NQs)are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.Plants,including many horticultural species,collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecologica...The 1,4-naphthoquinones(1,4-NQs)are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.Plants,including many horticultural species,collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant–plant(allelopathy),plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions.Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years.As a result,horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs.Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs.In this review,the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species.An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action,both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective,of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided.In addition,future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.展开更多
Non-mode-selective(NMS) multiplexers(muxes) are highly desirable for coherent power combining to produce a high-power beam with a shaped profile(wavefront synthesis) from discrete, phase-locked emitters. We propose a ...Non-mode-selective(NMS) multiplexers(muxes) are highly desirable for coherent power combining to produce a high-power beam with a shaped profile(wavefront synthesis) from discrete, phase-locked emitters. We propose a design for a multi-plane light conversion(MPLC)-based NMS mux, which requires only a few phase masks for coherently combining hundreds of discrete input beams into an output beam consisting of hundreds of Hermite–Gaussian(HG) modes. The combination of HG modes as a base can further construct a beam with arbitrary wavefront. The low number of phase masks is attributed to the identical zero-crossing structure of the Hadamard-coded input arrays and of the output HG modes, enabling the practicality of such devices. An NMS mux supporting 256 HG modes is designed using only seven phase masks, and achieves an insertion loss of-1.6 d B, mode-dependent loss of 4.7 d B, and average total mode crosstalk of-4.4 d B. Additionally, this design,featuring equal power for all input beams, enables phase-only control in coherent power combining, resulting in significant simplifications and fast convergence compared with phase-and-amplitude control.展开更多
Inherited cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)threaten human health and pose an enormous economic burden worldwide.Genetic alteration is a major risk factor for many CVDs.These disorders are usually controlled by a pair of a...Inherited cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)threaten human health and pose an enormous economic burden worldwide.Genetic alteration is a major risk factor for many CVDs.These disorders are usually controlled by a pair of alleles,affecting offspring according to the Mendelian principle,regardless of isolated primary damage or secondary injury from other syndromes or deficiency.To date,there are hundreds of inherited CVDs.With advances in nextgeneration sequencing(NGS)technologies,rapid and accurate molecular diagnosis of patients with inherited CVDs is clinically practical.Besides,great improvements have been made in recent years,and targeted therapy and assist devices have been used in clinical practice.Yet there is still no totally efficient strategy for dealing with inherited CVDs.Accordingly.展开更多
The brain is a marvel of biological evolution,a highly complex organ including hundreds of different types of about 100 billion neurons.Understanding the structure and function of the brain is one of the most challeng...The brain is a marvel of biological evolution,a highly complex organ including hundreds of different types of about 100 billion neurons.Understanding the structure and function of the brain is one of the most challenging scientific questions in the 21st century.Crucially,the structure of neural circuits and the mechanisms of neuronal information processing related to brain function are still poorly understood[1].A neural circuit is composed of a large number of synaptically connected neurons of different types and characteristics.It is the structural basis for the execution of various functions,such as perception,emotion,memory,and imagination,as well as other activities.Revealing the structure of neural circuits is the basic premise for understanding the mechanism of information processing in the brain[2].展开更多
Xidi and Hongcun are two of the most representative ancient villages in the southern part of Anhui Province.Dating back to the Song Dynasty,they still preserve hundreds of residential buildings from the Ming and Qing ...Xidi and Hongcun are two of the most representative ancient villages in the southern part of Anhui Province.Dating back to the Song Dynasty,they still preserve hundreds of residential buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.展开更多
The widespread use of cutting fluids during machining can effectively reduce machining temperatures,thereby solving the problem of part burns at the boundary of high thermal coupling.Cutting fluids have been extensive...The widespread use of cutting fluids during machining can effectively reduce machining temperatures,thereby solving the problem of part burns at the boundary of high thermal coupling.Cutting fluids have been extensively used in the manufacturing industry for hundreds of years;thus,the global annual consumption of cutting fluids exceeds 4 million tons.However,most of these cutting fluids are mineral oil-based emulsions,which are not environmentally friendly and renewable,which makes their use a huge challenge for sustainable manufacturing.展开更多
Single-shot 2-dimensional optical imaging of transient phenomena is indispensable for numerous areas of study.Among existing techniques,compressed ultrafast photography(CUP)using a chirped ultrashort pulse as active i...Single-shot 2-dimensional optical imaging of transient phenomena is indispensable for numerous areas of study.Among existing techniques,compressed ultrafast photography(CUP)using a chirped ultrashort pulse as active illumination can acquire nonrepetitive time-evolving events at hundreds of trillions of frames per second.However,the bulky size and conventional configurations limit its reliability and application scopes.Superdispersive metalenses offer a promising solution for an ultracompact design with a stable performance by integrating the functions of a focusing lens and dispersive optical components into a single device.Nevertheless,existing metalens designs,typically optimized for the full visible spectrum with a relatively low spectral resolution,cannot be readily applied to active-illumination CUP.To address these limitations,here,we propose single-shot compressed ultracompact femtophotography(CUF)that synergically combines the fields of nanophotonics,optical imaging,compressed sensing,and deep learning.We develop the theory of CUF’s data acquisition composed of temporal–spectral mapping,spatial encoding,temporal shearing,and spatiotemporal integration.We also develop CUF’s image reconstruction via deep learning.Moreover,we design and evaluate CUF’s crucial components—a static binary transmissive mask,a superdispersive metalens,and a 2-dimensional sensor.Finally,using numerical simulations,CUF’s feasibility is verified using 2 synthetic scenes:an ultrafast beam sweeping across a surface and the propagation of a terahertz Cherenkov wave.展开更多
文摘1.No global progress on youth physical activity prevalenceTagedEnd TagedPDespite hundreds of intervention studies over decennia that have been dedicated to developing and testing programs and strategies to promote physical activity(PA)in adolescents,14 global inactivity levels remain persistently high.Based on self-report data from 1.6 million schoolgoing adolescents from 146 countries,Guthold et al.5 confirmed previous urgent calls to get adolescents more active.Researchers from the World Health Organization(WHO)recently published global prevalence rates and the first ever global time trends for insufficient PA in youth.They reported that more than 80%of school-going adolescents globally did not meet the current recommendations of at least 1 h of PA per day.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871831 and 32061143019).
文摘Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease,affecting-200 million people around the world.As a complex disease,osteoporosis is influenced by many factors,including diet(e.g.calcium and protein intake),physical activity,endocrine status,coexisting diseases and genetic factors.In this review,we first summarize the discovery from genome-wide association studies(GWASs)in the bone field in the last 12 years.To date,GWASs and meta-analyses have discovered hundreds of loci that are associated with bone mineral density(BMD),osteoporosis,and osteoporotic fractures.However,the GWAS approach has sometimes been criticized because of the small effect size of the discovered variants and the mystery of missing heritability,these two questions could be partially explained by the newly raised conceptual models,such as omnigenic model and natural selection.Finally,we introduce the clinical use of GWAS findings in the bone field,such as the identification of causal clinical risk factors,the development of drug targets and disease prediction.Despite the fruitful GWAS discoveries in the bone field,most of these GWAS participants were of European descent,and more genetic studies should be carried out in other ethnic populations to benefit disease prediction in the corresponding population.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32188102,32025028,and U20A2030)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003304)+1 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2022QC20)the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(B21HJ0215).
文摘Heterosis has long been exploited in the hybrid seed industry,which contributes to high and stable yields of modern agriculture(Huang et al.,2016).However,heterosis phenotypes of hybrid plants are segregated in its offspring.Apomixis allows instant fixation and propagation though seeds with heterozygous genotypes,showing great potential in plant breeding and agricultural practice(Ye and Cui,2019).Apomixis naturally occurs in hundreds of plant species,but it is absent in major crop species(Underwood and Mercier,2022).Recently,synthetic apomixis has been engineered in rice by combining Mitosis instead of Meiosis(MiMe)with a mutation of MATRILINEAL or ectopic expression of BABY BOOM1(BBM1),enabling clonal reproduction of F1 hybrids through seeds and stable transmission of heterotic phenotypes over generations(Khanday et al.,2019;Wang et al.,2019;Liu et al.,2022).However,the fertility of both two strategies was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild type,which hinders the application of both strategies in agriculture.In this study,we established synthetic apomixis with a high fertility that is almost comparable to normal hybrid rice.
基金Thanks for the support of the Special Fund for Global Green Development and Climate Change of Tsinghua University Education Foundation and the Energy Foundation.
文摘1.Introduction 2020 is an unusual year in which the COVID-19 pandemic has raged through the globe,infecting tens of millions of people and killing hundreds of thousands.The pandemic has not only wreaked havoc on public health systems,economic activities,and people's lives,but also has greatly affected and will continue to reshape the world's political,economic,and trade patterns.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61170174, 61370205)Tianjin Training plan of University Innovation Team(No.TD12-5016)
文摘Faced with hundreds of thousands of news articles in the news websites,it is difficult for users to find the news articles they are interested in.Therefore,various news recommender systems were built.In the news recommendation,these news articles read by a user is typically in the form of a time sequence.However,traditional news recommendation algorithms rarely consider the time sequence characteristic of user browsing behaviors.Therefore,the performance of traditional news recommendation algorithms is not good enough in predicting the next news article which a user will read.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a time-ordered collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm(TOCF),which takes the time sequence characteristic of user behaviors into account.Besides,a new method to compute the similarity among different users,named time-dependent similarity,is proposed.To demonstrate the efficiency of our solution,extensive experiments are conducted along with detailed performance analysis.
基金financial support from EPSRC (EP/P030017/1)the Humboldt Foundation (Alexander von Humboldt Professorship),European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (FP/2014-2020)/ERC grant agreement no.640012 (ABLASE)+3 种基金Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (469988234)instrument funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in cooperation with the Ministerium für Kunst und Wissenschaft of North Rhine-Westphalia (INST 216/1120-1 FUGG)funding by the Royal Society (Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship,DH160102Enhancement Award,RGF\EA\180051).
文摘Mechanical forces are key regulators of cellular behavior and function,affecting many fundamental biological processes such as cell migration,embryogenesis,immunological responses,and pathological states.Specialized force sensors and imaging techniques have been developed to quantify these otherwise invisible forces in single cells and in vivo.However,current techniques rely heavily on high-resolution microscopy and do not allow interrogation of optically dense tissue,reducing their application to 2D cell cultures and highly transparent biological tissue.Here,we introduce DEFORM,deformable microlaser force sensing,a spectroscopic technique that detects sub-nanonewton forces with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution.DEFORM is based on the spectral analysis of laser emission from dye-doped oil microdroplets and uses the force-induced lifting of laser mode degeneracy in these droplets to detect nanometer deformations.Following validation by atomic force microscopy and development of a model that links changes in laser spectrum to applied force,DEFORM is used to measure forces in 3D and at depths of hundreds of microns within tumor spheroids and late-stage Drosophila larva.We furthermore show continuous force sensing with single-cell spatial and millisecond temporal resolution,thus paving the way for non-invasive studies of biomechanical forces in advanced stages of embryogenesis,tissue remodeling,and tumor invasion.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2013CB329201)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61631018)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61501420)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS(No.QYZDY-SSW-JSC003)the Key Project in Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(No.2014B010119001)the Shenzhen PeacockPlan(No.1108170036003286)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘We extend the transmission range of non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication to 500 m in a real-time system experiment using a 200 mW solid-state 266 nm laser,where the data rate can reach 400 kbps at a frame error rate lower than 10-5 in the real-time system test.The results can beat the best record so far,in terms of both the data rate and transmission distance.
基金We acknowledge support through a scholarship from China Scholarship Council,the Starting Grants M&M’s(277879)and InteGraDe(307311)as well as Graphene Flagship(785219)from the European Research Council,the Swedish Research Council(GEMS,2015-05112)+2 种基金the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(NanoGraM,BMBF,03XP0006C)the German Research Foundation(DFG,LE 2440/1-2)the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF:NanoGraM,03XP0006 and GIMMIK,03XP0210)。
文摘Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS).However,the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges,including collapse and rupture of the graphene.We have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high yields.We have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7µm to 110µm,and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5µm×5µm×16.4µm to 100µm×100µm×16.4µm in size.Our approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies,and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were>90%,with>70%of the graphene membranes having>90%graphene area without visible defects.The measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz,with quality factors ranging from 63 to 148.The graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust,and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope(AFM)tip of up to~7000nN.The proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Award Nos.12074353 and 12075227.
文摘The use of broadband laser technology is a novel approach for inhibiting processes related to laser plasma interactions(LPIs).In this study,several preliminary experiments into broadband-laser-driven LPIs are carried out using a newly established hundreds-of-joules broadband second-harmonic-generation laser facility.Through direct comparison with LPI results for a traditional narrowband laser,the actual LPI-suppression effect of the broadband laser is shown.The broadband laser had a clear suppressive effect on both back-stimulated Raman scattering and back-stimulated Brillouin scattering at laser intensities below 1×10^(15) W cm^(−2).An abnormal hot-electron phenomenon is also investigated,using targets of different thicknesses.
基金This research is supported by National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering(NIBIB)supplemental grant#3R01 CA238191-02S1,National Institutes of Health(R01GM129709)National Science Foundation(0939511,1450962,1353368)(awarded to G.P.)+3 种基金EPA/USDA 2017-39591-27313(awarded to T.H.N.)National Science Foundation NSF-DMR 2004719(awarded to H.J.K.)R.B.and E.V.acknowledge the support of NSF Rapid Response Research(RAPID)grant(Award 2028431)the support of Jump Applied Research through Community Health through Engineering and Simulation(ARCHES)endowment through the Health Care Engineering Systems Center at UIUC.
文摘Efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 crisis revealed that fast,accurate,and scalable testing is crucial for curbing the current impact and that of future pandemics.We propose an optical method for directly imaging unlabeled viral particles and using deep learning for detection and classification.An ultrasensitive interferometric method was used to image four virus types with nanoscale optical path-length sensitivity.Pairing these data with fluorescence images for ground truth,we trained semantic segmentation models based on U-Net,a particular type of convolutional neural network.The trained network was applied to classify the viruses from the interferometric images only,containing simultaneously SARS-CoV-2,H1N1(influenza-A virus),HAdV(adenovirus),and ZIKV(Zika virus).Remarkably,due to the nanoscale sensitivity in the input data,the neural network was able to identify SARS-CoV-2 vs.the other viruses with 96%accuracy.The inference time for each image is 60 ms,on a common graphic-processing unit.This approach of directly imaging unlabeled viral particles may provide an extremely fast test,of less than a minute per patient.As the imaging instrument operates on regular glass slides,we envision this method as potentially testing on patient breath condensates.The necessary high throughput can be achieved by translating concepts from digital pathology,where a microscope can scan hundreds of slides automatically.
基金We thank Yanhao Lin for helpful discussions.Q.H.is supported by a CAEP Research Project(Grant No.CX20210048)a Tencent Xplorer prize.The work is also partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Grant No.U1930401.
文摘Hydrogen(H)is the most abundant element in the known universe,and on the Earth’s surface it bonds with oxygen to form water,which is a distinguishing feature of this planet.In the Earth’s deep mantle,His stored hydroxyl(OH−)in hydrous or nominally anhydrous minerals.Despite its ubiquity on the surface,the abundance ofHin the Earth’s deep interior is uncertain.Estimates of the totalHbudget in the Earth’s interior have ranged from less than one hydrosphere,which assumes an H-depleted interior,to hundreds of hydrospheres,which assumes thatHis siderophile(iron-loving)in the core.This discrepancy raises the questions of how H is stored and transported in the Earth’s deep interior,the answers to which will constrain its behavior in the deep lower mantle,which is defined as the layer between 1700 km depth and the core–mantle boundary.
文摘China will unswervingly follow the path it has chosen and the direction it has set-and I look forward to continuing to experience this as an observer and participant.THE People’s Republic of China(PRC),founded in 1949,is still quite young at 75 years old.Within this short period of time China has not only been transformed from an underdeveloped agricultural state into a leading economic power and become the number one global driving force,it has also lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty,providing modest prosperity for all in a historically short period of time.Many Chinese today drive expensive German cars and own condominiums or apartments,and the number of billionaires in China is in the high three-digit range.
文摘TagedPIn February and March 2022,China will host the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.The vision for this landmark event promises a“joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow uniting the passion of hundreds of millions for winter sports”.1 Themes have been developed to create a positive environmental impact with new development for the northern region of the country and to promote winter sports and improve the health and well-being of the Chinese people.The key messages for the winter games include inspiring youth with the Olympic spirit and encouraging millions to embrace winter sports.Notably,the Chinese government aims to mobilize at least 300 million of its citizens to engage in winter sports as an outcome of hosting the Winter Olympic Games.
基金This work was supported by start-up funds from Purdue University to JRW.
文摘The 1,4-naphthoquinones(1,4-NQs)are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.Plants,including many horticultural species,collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant–plant(allelopathy),plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions.Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years.As a result,horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs.Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs.In this review,the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species.An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action,both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective,of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided.In addition,future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.
基金Army Research Office(W911NF1710553,W911NF1810365,W911NF1910385)National Science Foundation(1932858,ECCS1808976)Office of Naval Research(N00014202441)。
文摘Non-mode-selective(NMS) multiplexers(muxes) are highly desirable for coherent power combining to produce a high-power beam with a shaped profile(wavefront synthesis) from discrete, phase-locked emitters. We propose a design for a multi-plane light conversion(MPLC)-based NMS mux, which requires only a few phase masks for coherently combining hundreds of discrete input beams into an output beam consisting of hundreds of Hermite–Gaussian(HG) modes. The combination of HG modes as a base can further construct a beam with arbitrary wavefront. The low number of phase masks is attributed to the identical zero-crossing structure of the Hadamard-coded input arrays and of the output HG modes, enabling the practicality of such devices. An NMS mux supporting 256 HG modes is designed using only seven phase masks, and achieves an insertion loss of-1.6 d B, mode-dependent loss of 4.7 d B, and average total mode crosstalk of-4.4 d B. Additionally, this design,featuring equal power for all input beams, enables phase-only control in coherent power combining, resulting in significant simplifications and fast convergence compared with phase-and-amplitude control.
基金Key R&D Program of Sichuan Province of China(No.2021YFQ0061)Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(No.2022ZYD0067 and MSGC20230024)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82070324,82001496,and 82270249)Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau(No.2021-YF05-02110-SN)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2020M680149 and 2020T130087ZX)
文摘Inherited cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)threaten human health and pose an enormous economic burden worldwide.Genetic alteration is a major risk factor for many CVDs.These disorders are usually controlled by a pair of alleles,affecting offspring according to the Mendelian principle,regardless of isolated primary damage or secondary injury from other syndromes or deficiency.To date,there are hundreds of inherited CVDs.With advances in nextgeneration sequencing(NGS)technologies,rapid and accurate molecular diagnosis of patients with inherited CVDs is clinically practical.Besides,great improvements have been made in recent years,and targeted therapy and assist devices have been used in clinical practice.Yet there is still no totally efficient strategy for dealing with inherited CVDs.Accordingly.
基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y6Y0021004).
文摘The brain is a marvel of biological evolution,a highly complex organ including hundreds of different types of about 100 billion neurons.Understanding the structure and function of the brain is one of the most challenging scientific questions in the 21st century.Crucially,the structure of neural circuits and the mechanisms of neuronal information processing related to brain function are still poorly understood[1].A neural circuit is composed of a large number of synaptically connected neurons of different types and characteristics.It is the structural basis for the execution of various functions,such as perception,emotion,memory,and imagination,as well as other activities.Revealing the structure of neural circuits is the basic premise for understanding the mechanism of information processing in the brain[2].
文摘Xidi and Hongcun are two of the most representative ancient villages in the southern part of Anhui Province.Dating back to the Song Dynasty,they still preserve hundreds of residential buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
文摘The widespread use of cutting fluids during machining can effectively reduce machining temperatures,thereby solving the problem of part burns at the boundary of high thermal coupling.Cutting fluids have been extensively used in the manufacturing industry for hundreds of years;thus,the global annual consumption of cutting fluids exceeds 4 million tons.However,most of these cutting fluids are mineral oil-based emulsions,which are not environmentally friendly and renewable,which makes their use a huge challenge for sustainable manufacturing.
基金supported in part by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(RGPIN-2017-05959,RGPAS-2017-507845,I2IPJ-555593-20,RGPIN-2018-06217,RGPAS-2018-522650,and RGPIN-2019-06138)Canada Foundation for Innovation and Ministere de P'Economie et de P'Innovation du Quebec(37146)+1 种基金Fonds de Recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies(203345-Centre d'Optique,Photonique,et Lasers)Canada Research Chairs Program(CRC-2022-00119)。
文摘Single-shot 2-dimensional optical imaging of transient phenomena is indispensable for numerous areas of study.Among existing techniques,compressed ultrafast photography(CUP)using a chirped ultrashort pulse as active illumination can acquire nonrepetitive time-evolving events at hundreds of trillions of frames per second.However,the bulky size and conventional configurations limit its reliability and application scopes.Superdispersive metalenses offer a promising solution for an ultracompact design with a stable performance by integrating the functions of a focusing lens and dispersive optical components into a single device.Nevertheless,existing metalens designs,typically optimized for the full visible spectrum with a relatively low spectral resolution,cannot be readily applied to active-illumination CUP.To address these limitations,here,we propose single-shot compressed ultracompact femtophotography(CUF)that synergically combines the fields of nanophotonics,optical imaging,compressed sensing,and deep learning.We develop the theory of CUF’s data acquisition composed of temporal–spectral mapping,spatial encoding,temporal shearing,and spatiotemporal integration.We also develop CUF’s image reconstruction via deep learning.Moreover,we design and evaluate CUF’s crucial components—a static binary transmissive mask,a superdispersive metalens,and a 2-dimensional sensor.Finally,using numerical simulations,CUF’s feasibility is verified using 2 synthetic scenes:an ultrafast beam sweeping across a surface and the propagation of a terahertz Cherenkov wave.
