中国石油天然气股份有限公司大连分公司某装置硫磺回收再生塔底重沸器使用不久便发生腐蚀泄漏。分析认为RNH2 CO2 H2 S H2 O介质腐蚀、因胺液降解生成热稳定性物质 (HSAS)的腐蚀、冲刷作用以及重沸器结构不合理是产生腐蚀的主要原因 ,...中国石油天然气股份有限公司大连分公司某装置硫磺回收再生塔底重沸器使用不久便发生腐蚀泄漏。分析认为RNH2 CO2 H2 S H2 O介质腐蚀、因胺液降解生成热稳定性物质 (HSAS)的腐蚀、冲刷作用以及重沸器结构不合理是产生腐蚀的主要原因 ,E10 2壳层焊缝属应力腐蚀开裂。采取防止氧进入系统、保持胺液清洁、对重沸器进行改造、增加消除应力退火以及更换重沸器管板材质为Cr5Mo或 12CrMo钢等措施 ,可以延长设备的使用寿命。展开更多
Health care costs are high and continue to rise in most major economies,and the health savings account(HSA)is often viewed as an appealing way to contain health care costs because it can potentially solve the moral ha...Health care costs are high and continue to rise in most major economies,and the health savings account(HSA)is often viewed as an appealing way to contain health care costs because it can potentially solve the moral hazard spending caused by traditional health insurance.This study uses data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)to empirically examine the effectiveness of HSAs in containing medical expenses and reducing moral hazard.The findings show that HSAs that restrict the use of funds may lead enrollees to discount the value and thus spend more on health care.In addition,the positive effect of HSAs on medical expenses is larger for the relatively healthier group,which may suggest that moral hazard exists regarding the use of HSA funds.The empirical estimates of the HSA effect on medical expenses are robust when a set of covariates are controlled,and HSA balances are instrumented using housing savings account balances.展开更多
文摘Health care costs are high and continue to rise in most major economies,and the health savings account(HSA)is often viewed as an appealing way to contain health care costs because it can potentially solve the moral hazard spending caused by traditional health insurance.This study uses data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)to empirically examine the effectiveness of HSAs in containing medical expenses and reducing moral hazard.The findings show that HSAs that restrict the use of funds may lead enrollees to discount the value and thus spend more on health care.In addition,the positive effect of HSAs on medical expenses is larger for the relatively healthier group,which may suggest that moral hazard exists regarding the use of HSA funds.The empirical estimates of the HSA effect on medical expenses are robust when a set of covariates are controlled,and HSA balances are instrumented using housing savings account balances.
