This paper presents a modified HS conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization problem. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. Numerical experiments show that the algorithm is efficient by comparin...This paper presents a modified HS conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization problem. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. Numerical experiments show that the algorithm is efficient by comparing with HS conjugate gradient method under Armijo line search.展开更多
介绍了西气东输目前使用的两种HMI系统应用的情况,通过比较两套HMI系统在西气东输管道系统的运行环境、支持的通信协议、数据库应用组态、系统画面绘制等方面的异同,分析了两套H M I系统在各个方面的优点与不足,给出了两套H M I系统在...介绍了西气东输目前使用的两种HMI系统应用的情况,通过比较两套HMI系统在西气东输管道系统的运行环境、支持的通信协议、数据库应用组态、系统画面绘制等方面的异同,分析了两套H M I系统在各个方面的优点与不足,给出了两套H M I系统在西气东输运行维护中的注意事项和易发故障等,提高了西气东输的自动化控制技术水平和管理水平。展开更多
The Ludox-QPS method is a newly developed technique,which combines the Ludox HS 40 density centrifugation and quantitative protargol stain,to enumerate marine ciliates with good taxonomic resolution.We tested the meth...The Ludox-QPS method is a newly developed technique,which combines the Ludox HS 40 density centrifugation and quantitative protargol stain,to enumerate marine ciliates with good taxonomic resolution.We tested the method for simultaneous enumeration of diatoms,protozoa and meiobenthos and compared its extraction efficiency for meiobenthos with that of the routine Ludox-TM centrifugation and a modified protocol using Ludox HS 40.We conducted the evaluation with a sample size of 8.3 ml each from sandy,muddy-sand and muddy sediments collected from the intertidal area of the Yellow Sea in summer 2006 and spring 2007.The Ludox-QPS method not only produced high extraction efficiencies of 97±1.3% for diatoms and 97.6±0.8% for ciliates,indicating a reliable enumeration for eukaryotic microbenthos,but also produced excellent extraction efficiencies of on average 97.3% for total meiobenthos,97.9% for nematodes and 97.8% for copepods from sands,muddy sands and mud.By contrast,the routine Ludox-TM centrifugation obtained only about 74% of total meiobenthos abundance with one extraction cycle,and the modified Ludox HS 40 centrifugation yielded on average 93% of total meiobenthos:89.4±2.0% from sands,93±4.1% from muddy sands and 97.1±3.0% from mud.Apart from the sediment type,sample volume was another important factor affecting the extraction efficiency for meiobenthos.The extraction rate was increased to about 96.4% when using the same modified Ludox centrifugation for a 4 ml sediment sample.Besides the excellent extraction efficiency,the Ludox-QPS method obtained higher abundances of meiobenthos,in particular nematodes,than the routine Ludox centrifugation,which frequently resulted in an uncertain loss of small meiobenthos during the sieving process.Statistical analyses demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the meiobenthos communities revealed by the Ludox-QPS method and the modified Ludox HS 40 centrifugation,showing the high efficiency of the Ludox-QPS method for simultaneous enumeration of di展开更多
采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)方法,结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用仪(GC-O-MS),对六款不同色度的特种麦芽(高香麦芽、饼干麦芽、焦香麦芽、结晶麦芽、巧克力麦芽和黑麦芽)进行挥发性风味物质鉴定,从六款特种麦芽中一共鉴定出风味化合物41种...采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)方法,结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用仪(GC-O-MS),对六款不同色度的特种麦芽(高香麦芽、饼干麦芽、焦香麦芽、结晶麦芽、巧克力麦芽和黑麦芽)进行挥发性风味物质鉴定,从六款特种麦芽中一共鉴定出风味化合物41种,其中醛类20种、吡嗪类7种、醇类4种、酚类1种、杂环化合物类9种。采用Rate That All Apply(RATA)感官评价方法对特种麦芽的感官特性强度进行打分,结果表明,随着特种麦芽颜色的加深,其甜香果香逐渐降低,咖啡味和烟熏味逐渐增加。通过偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)建立特种麦芽风味物质与感官特性的相关性,结果表明不同种类杂环化合物的协同作用解释了巧克力麦芽和黑麦芽的主体风味,不同种类吡嗪化合物的协同作用解释了饼干麦芽的主体风味,但该模型对高香麦芽、焦香麦芽、结晶麦芽的主体风味解释欠佳,有待下一步探索。展开更多
文摘This paper presents a modified HS conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization problem. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. Numerical experiments show that the algorithm is efficient by comparing with HS conjugate gradient method under Armijo line search.
文摘介绍了西气东输目前使用的两种HMI系统应用的情况,通过比较两套HMI系统在西气东输管道系统的运行环境、支持的通信协议、数据库应用组态、系统画面绘制等方面的异同,分析了两套H M I系统在各个方面的优点与不足,给出了两套H M I系统在西气东输运行维护中的注意事项和易发故障等,提高了西气东输的自动化控制技术水平和管理水平。
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX2-YW-417)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40576072+1 种基金40706047)the "100 Talents Project" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The Ludox-QPS method is a newly developed technique,which combines the Ludox HS 40 density centrifugation and quantitative protargol stain,to enumerate marine ciliates with good taxonomic resolution.We tested the method for simultaneous enumeration of diatoms,protozoa and meiobenthos and compared its extraction efficiency for meiobenthos with that of the routine Ludox-TM centrifugation and a modified protocol using Ludox HS 40.We conducted the evaluation with a sample size of 8.3 ml each from sandy,muddy-sand and muddy sediments collected from the intertidal area of the Yellow Sea in summer 2006 and spring 2007.The Ludox-QPS method not only produced high extraction efficiencies of 97±1.3% for diatoms and 97.6±0.8% for ciliates,indicating a reliable enumeration for eukaryotic microbenthos,but also produced excellent extraction efficiencies of on average 97.3% for total meiobenthos,97.9% for nematodes and 97.8% for copepods from sands,muddy sands and mud.By contrast,the routine Ludox-TM centrifugation obtained only about 74% of total meiobenthos abundance with one extraction cycle,and the modified Ludox HS 40 centrifugation yielded on average 93% of total meiobenthos:89.4±2.0% from sands,93±4.1% from muddy sands and 97.1±3.0% from mud.Apart from the sediment type,sample volume was another important factor affecting the extraction efficiency for meiobenthos.The extraction rate was increased to about 96.4% when using the same modified Ludox centrifugation for a 4 ml sediment sample.Besides the excellent extraction efficiency,the Ludox-QPS method obtained higher abundances of meiobenthos,in particular nematodes,than the routine Ludox centrifugation,which frequently resulted in an uncertain loss of small meiobenthos during the sieving process.Statistical analyses demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the meiobenthos communities revealed by the Ludox-QPS method and the modified Ludox HS 40 centrifugation,showing the high efficiency of the Ludox-QPS method for simultaneous enumeration of di
文摘采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)方法,结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用仪(GC-O-MS),对六款不同色度的特种麦芽(高香麦芽、饼干麦芽、焦香麦芽、结晶麦芽、巧克力麦芽和黑麦芽)进行挥发性风味物质鉴定,从六款特种麦芽中一共鉴定出风味化合物41种,其中醛类20种、吡嗪类7种、醇类4种、酚类1种、杂环化合物类9种。采用Rate That All Apply(RATA)感官评价方法对特种麦芽的感官特性强度进行打分,结果表明,随着特种麦芽颜色的加深,其甜香果香逐渐降低,咖啡味和烟熏味逐渐增加。通过偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)建立特种麦芽风味物质与感官特性的相关性,结果表明不同种类杂环化合物的协同作用解释了巧克力麦芽和黑麦芽的主体风味,不同种类吡嗪化合物的协同作用解释了饼干麦芽的主体风味,但该模型对高香麦芽、焦香麦芽、结晶麦芽的主体风味解释欠佳,有待下一步探索。
