In many traditional On Demand routing algorithms in Ad hoc wireless networks, a simple flooding mechanism is used to broadcast route request (RREQ) packets when there is a need to establish a route from a source node ...In many traditional On Demand routing algorithms in Ad hoc wireless networks, a simple flooding mechanism is used to broadcast route request (RREQ) packets when there is a need to establish a route from a source node to a destination node. The broadcast of RREQ may lead to high channel contention, high packet collisions, and thus high delay to establish the routes, especially with high density networks. Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV) is one among the most effective Reactive Routing Protocols in MANETs which use simple flooding mechanism to broadcast the RREQ. It is also used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). This paper proposes a new modified AODV routing protocol EGBB-AODV where the RREQ mechanism is using a grid based broadcast (EGBB) which reduces considerably the number of rebroadcast of RREQ packets, and hence improves the performance of the routing protocol. We developed a simulation model based on NS2 simulator to measure the performance of EGBB-AODV and compare the results to the original AODV and a position-aware improved counter-based algorithm (PCB-AODV). The simulation experiments that EGBB-AODV outperforms AODV and PCB-AODV in terms of end-to-end delay, delivery ratio and power consumption, under different traffic load, and network density conditions.展开更多
This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies o...This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies on the construction of a 2-D logical grid in the geographical region of deployment. The objective of the proposed scheme is to determine optimal or near-optimal (within a defined constant) multiple disjoint paths (multipath) from a source node to the sink, in order to enhance the reliability of the network. The determined multiple disjoint paths would be used by the source node in a round-robin way to balance the traffic across the disjoint paths, and to avoid discovered paths with cell holes. The proposed scheme limits the use of broadcasting to the process of gateway election within each cell, and the process of maintaining the table of neighbors of each gateway. Our simulation results show the effectiveness and scalability of our routing scheme with increased network size compared to on-demand routing protocols.展开更多
This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main...This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.展开更多
文摘In many traditional On Demand routing algorithms in Ad hoc wireless networks, a simple flooding mechanism is used to broadcast route request (RREQ) packets when there is a need to establish a route from a source node to a destination node. The broadcast of RREQ may lead to high channel contention, high packet collisions, and thus high delay to establish the routes, especially with high density networks. Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV) is one among the most effective Reactive Routing Protocols in MANETs which use simple flooding mechanism to broadcast the RREQ. It is also used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). This paper proposes a new modified AODV routing protocol EGBB-AODV where the RREQ mechanism is using a grid based broadcast (EGBB) which reduces considerably the number of rebroadcast of RREQ packets, and hence improves the performance of the routing protocol. We developed a simulation model based on NS2 simulator to measure the performance of EGBB-AODV and compare the results to the original AODV and a position-aware improved counter-based algorithm (PCB-AODV). The simulation experiments that EGBB-AODV outperforms AODV and PCB-AODV in terms of end-to-end delay, delivery ratio and power consumption, under different traffic load, and network density conditions.
文摘This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies on the construction of a 2-D logical grid in the geographical region of deployment. The objective of the proposed scheme is to determine optimal or near-optimal (within a defined constant) multiple disjoint paths (multipath) from a source node to the sink, in order to enhance the reliability of the network. The determined multiple disjoint paths would be used by the source node in a round-robin way to balance the traffic across the disjoint paths, and to avoid discovered paths with cell holes. The proposed scheme limits the use of broadcasting to the process of gateway election within each cell, and the process of maintaining the table of neighbors of each gateway. Our simulation results show the effectiveness and scalability of our routing scheme with increased network size compared to on-demand routing protocols.
文摘This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.
