Based upon Alcubierre’s formalism about energy flux of gravitational waves, as well as Saunder’s treatment of temperature dependence of the Hubble parameter in the early universe, we initiate a particle count treatm...Based upon Alcubierre’s formalism about energy flux of gravitational waves, as well as Saunder’s treatment of temperature dependence of the Hubble parameter in the early universe, we initiate a particle count treatment of gravitons, and subsequent entropy generation which gives, via the standard model treatment of the FRW metric a way to explain/justify a value of entropy of the order of S～106-107 at the very onset of inflation.展开更多
The article hypothesizes that DE and DM (UCM) are a “Form of Motion of a Special Nature”, where “Form of Motion” means “Eternal Motion” as the power of dynamics of different levels and varying degrees of self-su...The article hypothesizes that DE and DM (UCM) are a “Form of Motion of a Special Nature”, where “Form of Motion” means “Eternal Motion” as the power of dynamics of different levels and varying degrees of self-sufficiency, and by “Special Nature”, gravitational and two other properties of matter, “tied” to the “Eternal Movement” and completely dependent on it. Carriers of key properties of a “Special Nature” have been established: “0”-DE particles and “3”-DM particles (UDM). The unity of their inherent “motionally-gravitational” properties and the peculiarity of the relationship between “motion” and “gravity” are revealed: the higher the intensity of “Eternal Motion”, the stronger the gravitational properties of matter are manifested (and vice versa). The relationship of “time” with the “vibration frequency” and the “mass” of photons with the “degree of bonding and deformation properties of the field” is shown. The maximum level of gravity has been determined, which allows Nature to successfully create the Universe: such a landmark is the proximity to the property of the Primary Source—the “pure graviton” of the OSP space, the most powerful “motionally-gravitational” particle of the Universe. The reasons for the emergence of such an identity of the gravitational properties of particles with the indicators of a “pure graviton” are established: for “0”-DE particles, this is the acquisition of the function of “freedom of movement”;for “3”-DM particles (UDM), the creation of a special structure—a “double field” (“Main” and “Small”). The presence in the “double field” of specific “tools” for the creation of the worlds of the Universe—gravitational “waves” gives rise to impulses (shocks) of varying intensity and shape. A list of functions performed by “waves” in the “Main” and “Small” fields has been compiled. The specific conditions for the formation of “UDM Streams”, their transform展开更多
This paper presents a new theory of gravity, called here Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, which is based on the Ashtekar-Kodama formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), yields in the limit the Einstein equations, and i...This paper presents a new theory of gravity, called here Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, which is based on the Ashtekar-Kodama formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), yields in the limit the Einstein equations, and in the quantum regime a full renormalizable quantum gauge field theory. The three fundamental constraints (hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism) were formulated in 3-dimensional spatial form within LQG in Ashtekar formulation using the notion of the Kodama state with positive cosmological constant Λ. We introduce a 4-dimensional covariant version of the 3-dimensional (spatial) hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism constraints of LQG. We obtain 32 partial differential equations for the 16 variables E<sub>mn</sub> (E-tensor, inverse densitized tetrad of the metric) and 16 variables A<sub>mn</sub> (A-tensor, gravitational wave tensor). We impose the boundary condition: for large distance the E-generated metric g(E) becomes the GR-metric g (normally Schwarzschild-spacetime). The theory based on these Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) equations, and called in the following Ashtekar-Kodama (AK-) gravity has the following properties. • For Λ = 0 the AK equations become Einstein equations, A-tensor is trivial (constant), and the E-generated metric g(E) is identical with the GR-metric g. • When the AK-equations are developed into a Λ-power series, the Λ-term yields a gravitational wave equation, which has only at least quadrupole wave solutions and becomes in the limit of large distance r the (normal electromagnetic) wave equation. • AK-gravity, as opposed to GR, has no singularity at the horizon: the singularity in the metric becomes a (very high) peak. • AK-gravity has a limit scale of the gravitational quantum region 39 μm, which emerges as the limit scale in the objective wave collapse theory of Gherardi-Rimini-Weber. In the quantum region, the AK-gravity becomes a quantum gauge theory (AK quantum gravity) with the Lie group extended SU(2) = ε-tensor-group(four generators) as gauge group and a corr展开更多
The author argues in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed, possibly even coherent ...The author argues in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed, possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states. Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low frequency relic GW from the big bang. What is observed is that large higher dimensions above our 4 Dimensional space time, if recipients of matter-energy from collapse and re birth of the universe are enough to insure low relic GW. The existence of higher dimensions, in itself if the additional dimensions are small and compact will have no capacity to lower the frequency limit values of relic GW, as predicted by Giovannini, et al. in 1995.展开更多
The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating ...The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.展开更多
The quantum-relativistic properties of space-time bubbles introduced in the recently proposed multi-Bubbles Universe model have been studied and deepened in the framework of the electromagnetic Bridge theory. In this ...The quantum-relativistic properties of space-time bubbles introduced in the recently proposed multi-Bubbles Universe model have been studied and deepened in the framework of the electromagnetic Bridge theory. In this context, it is shown how the space-time fabric of the emerging universe and the primordial matter contained in it, can be considered the final result of the decay of a pre-universe formed by a BEC of neutral Planck bosons hidden under the space-time horizon, having the characteristics of balancing gravitons associated with the potential energy of the vacuum defined as the field of nothingness. The estimated mass of the Planck boson is compatible with the smallest of the Kaluza-Klein graviton with an energy mass of 2.68 TeV, this value allows to estimate the limit of the Planck energy scale characterized by a lepton particle with a rest mass of 1.27 TeV. It is also shown as an ancient multi-bubble universe obtained by the decay of a pre-universe redshifted nowadays at 2.725 K, provides a Planck blackbody spectrum perfectly in agreement with the cosmic microwave background radiation of our universe measured by the COBE satellite.展开更多
We use the work of de Vega, Sanchez, and Comes (1997), to approximate the “particle density” of a “graviton gas”. This “particle density” derivation is compared with Dolgov’s (1997) expression of the Vacuum ene...We use the work of de Vega, Sanchez, and Comes (1997), to approximate the “particle density” of a “graviton gas”. This “particle density” derivation is compared with Dolgov’s (1997) expression of the Vacuum energy in terms of a phase transition. The idea is to have a quartic potential, and then to utilize the Bogomol’nyi inequality to refine what the phase transition states. We utilize Ng, Infinite quantum information procedures to link our work with initial entropy and other issues and close with a variation in the HUP: at the start of the expansion of the universe.展开更多
We use the methodology of A. D. Linde to model the probability of obtaining a cosmological constant which is in turn affected by scaling arguments for a Bose Einstein gravitational condensate as given by Chavanis, in ...We use the methodology of A. D. Linde to model the probability of obtaining a cosmological constant which is in turn affected by scaling arguments for a Bose Einstein gravitational condensate as given by Chavanis, in 2015. The net result, is that the scaling argument so provided allows for a gravitational constant commensurate with the size of the Universe, using arguments which appear to be simple but which give, if one has the conditions for modeling the Universe as a “black hole” virtually 100 % chance for the cosmological constant arising.展开更多
Using particle density of a “graviton gas” as a spinoff of the Gross-Pitaevskii Poisson system of self-gravitating Bose Einstein condensates, this suggests quantum pressure. We use the quantum pressure suggestion li...Using particle density of a “graviton gas” as a spinoff of the Gross-Pitaevskii Poisson system of self-gravitating Bose Einstein condensates, this suggests quantum pressure. We use the quantum pressure suggestion linked to entropy and go to a matter of what energy levels may be suggested.展开更多
New details of the action of gravitons in spiral galaxies are described. The effect of the graviton energy loss is hypothesized to be coupled to the baryon mass in the galaxy. From this relation, it follows that the b...New details of the action of gravitons in spiral galaxies are described. The effect of the graviton energy loss is hypothesized to be coupled to the baryon mass in the galaxy. From this relation, it follows that the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation is applicable to not just the final velocity of the galaxy but also to the rotational velocity at each radial position. In addition, a quadratic equation for the baryonic mass distribution is derived from the equation of motion. These results are demonstrated by making fits to galaxy rotation curves using a mass to light ratio model as well as the quadratic model for the mass distribution.展开更多
We present what is relevant to squeezed states of initial space time and how that affects both the composition of relic GW, and also gravitons. A side issue to consider is if gravitons can be configured as semi classi...We present what is relevant to squeezed states of initial space time and how that affects both the composition of relic GW, and also gravitons. A side issue to consider is if gravitons can be configured as semi classical 'particles', which is akin to the Pilot model of Quantum Mechanics as embedded in a larger non linear 'deterministic' background.展开更多
Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immedia...Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immediate sources of all mag-netic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Magnetic charges, which constitute together with electrical charges the atomic shells, got of the Author’s title: magnetons and antimagnetons (respectively, with magnetic charges g<sup>−</sup> and g<sup>+</sup>, under fundamental condition: g = e). Besides, together with electrons and magnetic charges in the structures of atomic shells, in the same quantities as the electrons, exist real electric antispinors, i.e. the true antielectrons. In the structures of the atomic shells on each electron fitted still three a real spinor particles: two magnetic (magneton and antimagneton) and one electric, i.e. true antielectron with a charge of e<sup>+</sup>. The spinor particles in atomic shells exist in the form of the two spinor associations: the electromagnetic dibispinors or S-Gravitons and magnetic bispinors (spinorial magnetic dipoles). Magnetic bispinors, which inhabited on the 3d and 4f-shells are the sources of the atomic magnetic fields and are responsible at all magnetic manifestations of the so-called magnetic atoms (iron, nickel, cobalt and others). In composition of S-Graviton is two related bispinor (electric and magnetic). S-Gravitons make up bulk of the charged density of atomic shells and are direct sources of the atomic gravitational field.If to replace all electrons on known of the atomic levels and sub-levels on S-Gravitons, can get an idea about the real electromagnetic device atomic shells most of the elements making up the Periodic Table. In article shows features the structural organization real (electromagnetic) shells of atoms that make up the periodic system of elements, as well as is considered the possibility of adaptation of the well-known quantum numbers, the Pauli’s principle and Hund’s rule, i展开更多
According to some fundamental hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory in allusion to property of graviton shot by the spiral galaxy, we set up a motion trace equation of graviton in the three-dimensional space,...According to some fundamental hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory in allusion to property of graviton shot by the spiral galaxy, we set up a motion trace equation of graviton in the three-dimensional space, concluding method for measuring the velocity of graviton. This theory reveals formation mechanism of symmetric rotating arm image of the spiral galaxy. The rotating arm image conforms to Archimedes spiral. Under the condition of using dynamic constraints, the image that astrolabe is in thin-disk structure is naturally obtained. And then, we also deduce the law that astrolabe thickness h is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance rxy between astrolabe and galaxy center, according with actual crossrange galaxy observation image excellently. This article, by utilizing several typical galaxy observation images with completely different appearances and shapes, verifies the motion trace law of graviton in three-dimensional space. And the theoretical simulation data meet observation image data very well. As per the discovery in the simulation of three-dimensional theoretical model, changes of parameters in theoretical model will exert a great influence on the shape of galaxy. This theory owns exclusively important meaning, not only to astrophysics, but also to reconstruction and development of relativity theory and the whole basic physics theory, as well as breaking through the current dilemma in studying graviton property.展开更多
Analogous to a black body, the empty space surrounding a massive body is theoretically envisioned to radiate thermal gravitational energy in accordance with Planck’s radiation law. Gravitational black-body radiation ...Analogous to a black body, the empty space surrounding a massive body is theoretically envisioned to radiate thermal gravitational energy in accordance with Planck’s radiation law. Gravitational black-body radiation offers a remarkably compelling solution to the deep, long-standing questions concerning galaxy rotation curves and strong gravitational lensing by large astrophysical systems, without the need to impose a dark matter or massive graviton hypothesis. As with the quantized orbits of the electron in the atom and the classical physics of Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, gravitational black-body radiation represents a truly profound break from the classical physics of Einstein’s general theory of relativity and the emergence of the fundamental quantum nature of gravity.展开更多
The idea is to identify via ephemeris time as given by Barbour and an inflaton field as given by Padmanabhan, for scale factor proportional to time to the alpha power and a velocity given by Will for massive gravitons...The idea is to identify via ephemeris time as given by Barbour and an inflaton field as given by Padmanabhan, for scale factor proportional to time to the alpha power and a velocity given by Will for massive gravitons, an initial energy for a massive graviton in space-time. The spatial values for the graviton production could be from the Planckian to Electro weak regime, with a nod to using a worm hole from a prior to a present universe as a delivery font for gravitational energy, as an information carrying bridge from prior universe “information settings” to the present space-time. The number of Gravitons will be set as N, and the initial time, as a tie in with Barbour’s ephemeris time, a constant times Planck time. In setting up the positions, as input into the positions and distributions of gravitons in our model, we will compare results as could be generated by Racetrack inflation, for presumed position of relic gravitons when just produced in the universe, as compared with results given by an adaptation of an argument presented by Crowell, in a modification of the Wheeler de Witt equation he gave germane to worm hole physics. In addition, with this presentation we will discuss entropy generation via graviton production. And compare that with semi classical arguments, as well as Brane-anti brane combinations. The idea will be to in all of this to re set the particulars of massive gravity in such a way as to revisit the outstanding problem of massive gravity: Its predictions do not match those of general relativity in the limit when a massive graviton mass approaches zero In particular, while at small scales, Newton’s gravitational law is recovered, the bending of light is only three quarters of the result Albert Einstein obtained in general展开更多
The author presents how to make a link between the low temperature and low entropy of pre big bang state of cosmology as given by Carroll and Chen in 2005, to the quantum cosmology conditions predicted by Weinberg whe...The author presents how to make a link between the low temperature and low entropy of pre big bang state of cosmology as given by Carroll and Chen in 2005, to the quantum cosmology conditions predicted by Weinberg when the temperature reaches 10<sup>32</sup> degrees Kelvin. We do this bridge building in our model construction as a way to get about the fact that cosmological CMB is limited by a red shift about z = 1100, so in order to get our suppositions consistent with observations, we also examine what happens in our model when we introduce quantization via a shift in values of the Hartle-Hawking wave function from a lower value of nearly zero to one which is set via an upper bound of the Planck’s constant of the order of 360 times the square of the Planck’s mass.展开更多
Two elementary particles—a photon and a graviton—responsible for interaction with physical objects of two long-range action fields electromagnetic and gravitational are considered. The similarity and distinction of ...Two elementary particles—a photon and a graviton—responsible for interaction with physical objects of two long-range action fields electromagnetic and gravitational are considered. The similarity and distinction of these quantum particles are investigated. It is shown that these particles essentially differ from each other. First of all, they are in different spaces. The photon is in photon space, and the graviton is in Riemann’s space-time. Interaction of a photon and a mass body cannot be calculated in Euclidian space. Interaction of a graviton and a mass body can be calculated in the Euclidian space. Polarizing properties of a gravitational wave both in plane Minkowski’s space, and in curved Riemann’s space-time are in detail considered. The differential equation of a gravitational quantum oscillator is found and its solution is analyzed. Also, the quantum metrics of Riemann’s space-time in presence of graviton and its quantum numbers are found.展开更多
According to a series of hypothesis, for the spiral galaxy, a mathematical equation of the graviton movement track is built, it is also the central curve of the nebulae density distribution, which offers the method to...According to a series of hypothesis, for the spiral galaxy, a mathematical equation of the graviton movement track is built, it is also the central curve of the nebulae density distribution, which offers the method to measure the moving speed of the graviton. Using the observed images of the M51 galaxy, it confirms that the graviton movement curve in the spiral galaxy conforms to the image, QUOTE QUOTEis a constant. It points out that by measuring the rate of angular motion of the equivalent center in the galaxy, the real speed of the graviton can be estimated. Under the measuring condition of the M51,. The theory presented in this article also helps to calculate the rotation speed of a galaxy, provided the graviton speed is known for certain. With the model in this article and fitting data from the observation images of M51 galaxy, the guess which says “the moving speed of graviton is a constant” is supported unprecedentedly by observation data. It is for the first time that the upper limit of graviton speed, i.e. no more than times of light speed, is obtained from observation data. At the same time, the paper puts forward one possible way that the lower limit of graviton speed may be measured. And a new idea also brought forward in the paper is that the rotational angular velocity w of the equivalent center which plays an important role in a spiral galaxy may be measured according to the observed data of the thickness of galactic center of the spiral galaxy.展开更多
文摘Based upon Alcubierre’s formalism about energy flux of gravitational waves, as well as Saunder’s treatment of temperature dependence of the Hubble parameter in the early universe, we initiate a particle count treatment of gravitons, and subsequent entropy generation which gives, via the standard model treatment of the FRW metric a way to explain/justify a value of entropy of the order of S～106-107 at the very onset of inflation.
文摘The article hypothesizes that DE and DM (UCM) are a “Form of Motion of a Special Nature”, where “Form of Motion” means “Eternal Motion” as the power of dynamics of different levels and varying degrees of self-sufficiency, and by “Special Nature”, gravitational and two other properties of matter, “tied” to the “Eternal Movement” and completely dependent on it. Carriers of key properties of a “Special Nature” have been established: “0”-DE particles and “3”-DM particles (UDM). The unity of their inherent “motionally-gravitational” properties and the peculiarity of the relationship between “motion” and “gravity” are revealed: the higher the intensity of “Eternal Motion”, the stronger the gravitational properties of matter are manifested (and vice versa). The relationship of “time” with the “vibration frequency” and the “mass” of photons with the “degree of bonding and deformation properties of the field” is shown. The maximum level of gravity has been determined, which allows Nature to successfully create the Universe: such a landmark is the proximity to the property of the Primary Source—the “pure graviton” of the OSP space, the most powerful “motionally-gravitational” particle of the Universe. The reasons for the emergence of such an identity of the gravitational properties of particles with the indicators of a “pure graviton” are established: for “0”-DE particles, this is the acquisition of the function of “freedom of movement”;for “3”-DM particles (UDM), the creation of a special structure—a “double field” (“Main” and “Small”). The presence in the “double field” of specific “tools” for the creation of the worlds of the Universe—gravitational “waves” gives rise to impulses (shocks) of varying intensity and shape. A list of functions performed by “waves” in the “Main” and “Small” fields has been compiled. The specific conditions for the formation of “UDM Streams”, their transform
文摘This paper presents a new theory of gravity, called here Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, which is based on the Ashtekar-Kodama formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), yields in the limit the Einstein equations, and in the quantum regime a full renormalizable quantum gauge field theory. The three fundamental constraints (hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism) were formulated in 3-dimensional spatial form within LQG in Ashtekar formulation using the notion of the Kodama state with positive cosmological constant Λ. We introduce a 4-dimensional covariant version of the 3-dimensional (spatial) hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism constraints of LQG. We obtain 32 partial differential equations for the 16 variables E<sub>mn</sub> (E-tensor, inverse densitized tetrad of the metric) and 16 variables A<sub>mn</sub> (A-tensor, gravitational wave tensor). We impose the boundary condition: for large distance the E-generated metric g(E) becomes the GR-metric g (normally Schwarzschild-spacetime). The theory based on these Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) equations, and called in the following Ashtekar-Kodama (AK-) gravity has the following properties. • For Λ = 0 the AK equations become Einstein equations, A-tensor is trivial (constant), and the E-generated metric g(E) is identical with the GR-metric g. • When the AK-equations are developed into a Λ-power series, the Λ-term yields a gravitational wave equation, which has only at least quadrupole wave solutions and becomes in the limit of large distance r the (normal electromagnetic) wave equation. • AK-gravity, as opposed to GR, has no singularity at the horizon: the singularity in the metric becomes a (very high) peak. • AK-gravity has a limit scale of the gravitational quantum region 39 μm, which emerges as the limit scale in the objective wave collapse theory of Gherardi-Rimini-Weber. In the quantum region, the AK-gravity becomes a quantum gauge theory (AK quantum gravity) with the Lie group extended SU(2) = ε-tensor-group(four generators) as gauge group and a corr
文摘The author argues in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed, possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states. Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low frequency relic GW from the big bang. What is observed is that large higher dimensions above our 4 Dimensional space time, if recipients of matter-energy from collapse and re birth of the universe are enough to insure low relic GW. The existence of higher dimensions, in itself if the additional dimensions are small and compact will have no capacity to lower the frequency limit values of relic GW, as predicted by Giovannini, et al. in 1995.
文摘The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.
文摘The quantum-relativistic properties of space-time bubbles introduced in the recently proposed multi-Bubbles Universe model have been studied and deepened in the framework of the electromagnetic Bridge theory. In this context, it is shown how the space-time fabric of the emerging universe and the primordial matter contained in it, can be considered the final result of the decay of a pre-universe formed by a BEC of neutral Planck bosons hidden under the space-time horizon, having the characteristics of balancing gravitons associated with the potential energy of the vacuum defined as the field of nothingness. The estimated mass of the Planck boson is compatible with the smallest of the Kaluza-Klein graviton with an energy mass of 2.68 TeV, this value allows to estimate the limit of the Planck energy scale characterized by a lepton particle with a rest mass of 1.27 TeV. It is also shown as an ancient multi-bubble universe obtained by the decay of a pre-universe redshifted nowadays at 2.725 K, provides a Planck blackbody spectrum perfectly in agreement with the cosmic microwave background radiation of our universe measured by the COBE satellite.
文摘We use the work of de Vega, Sanchez, and Comes (1997), to approximate the “particle density” of a “graviton gas”. This “particle density” derivation is compared with Dolgov’s (1997) expression of the Vacuum energy in terms of a phase transition. The idea is to have a quartic potential, and then to utilize the Bogomol’nyi inequality to refine what the phase transition states. We utilize Ng, Infinite quantum information procedures to link our work with initial entropy and other issues and close with a variation in the HUP: at the start of the expansion of the universe.
文摘We use the methodology of A. D. Linde to model the probability of obtaining a cosmological constant which is in turn affected by scaling arguments for a Bose Einstein gravitational condensate as given by Chavanis, in 2015. The net result, is that the scaling argument so provided allows for a gravitational constant commensurate with the size of the Universe, using arguments which appear to be simple but which give, if one has the conditions for modeling the Universe as a “black hole” virtually 100 % chance for the cosmological constant arising.
文摘Using particle density of a “graviton gas” as a spinoff of the Gross-Pitaevskii Poisson system of self-gravitating Bose Einstein condensates, this suggests quantum pressure. We use the quantum pressure suggestion linked to entropy and go to a matter of what energy levels may be suggested.
文摘New details of the action of gravitons in spiral galaxies are described. The effect of the graviton energy loss is hypothesized to be coupled to the baryon mass in the galaxy. From this relation, it follows that the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation is applicable to not just the final velocity of the galaxy but also to the rotational velocity at each radial position. In addition, a quadratic equation for the baryonic mass distribution is derived from the equation of motion. These results are demonstrated by making fits to galaxy rotation curves using a mass to light ratio model as well as the quadratic model for the mass distribution.
文摘We present what is relevant to squeezed states of initial space time and how that affects both the composition of relic GW, and also gravitons. A side issue to consider is if gravitons can be configured as semi classical 'particles', which is akin to the Pilot model of Quantum Mechanics as embedded in a larger non linear 'deterministic' background.
文摘Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immediate sources of all mag-netic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Magnetic charges, which constitute together with electrical charges the atomic shells, got of the Author’s title: magnetons and antimagnetons (respectively, with magnetic charges g<sup>−</sup> and g<sup>+</sup>, under fundamental condition: g = e). Besides, together with electrons and magnetic charges in the structures of atomic shells, in the same quantities as the electrons, exist real electric antispinors, i.e. the true antielectrons. In the structures of the atomic shells on each electron fitted still three a real spinor particles: two magnetic (magneton and antimagneton) and one electric, i.e. true antielectron with a charge of e<sup>+</sup>. The spinor particles in atomic shells exist in the form of the two spinor associations: the electromagnetic dibispinors or S-Gravitons and magnetic bispinors (spinorial magnetic dipoles). Magnetic bispinors, which inhabited on the 3d and 4f-shells are the sources of the atomic magnetic fields and are responsible at all magnetic manifestations of the so-called magnetic atoms (iron, nickel, cobalt and others). In composition of S-Graviton is two related bispinor (electric and magnetic). S-Gravitons make up bulk of the charged density of atomic shells and are direct sources of the atomic gravitational field.If to replace all electrons on known of the atomic levels and sub-levels on S-Gravitons, can get an idea about the real electromagnetic device atomic shells most of the elements making up the Periodic Table. In article shows features the structural organization real (electromagnetic) shells of atoms that make up the periodic system of elements, as well as is considered the possibility of adaptation of the well-known quantum numbers, the Pauli’s principle and Hund’s rule, i
文摘According to some fundamental hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory in allusion to property of graviton shot by the spiral galaxy, we set up a motion trace equation of graviton in the three-dimensional space, concluding method for measuring the velocity of graviton. This theory reveals formation mechanism of symmetric rotating arm image of the spiral galaxy. The rotating arm image conforms to Archimedes spiral. Under the condition of using dynamic constraints, the image that astrolabe is in thin-disk structure is naturally obtained. And then, we also deduce the law that astrolabe thickness h is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance rxy between astrolabe and galaxy center, according with actual crossrange galaxy observation image excellently. This article, by utilizing several typical galaxy observation images with completely different appearances and shapes, verifies the motion trace law of graviton in three-dimensional space. And the theoretical simulation data meet observation image data very well. As per the discovery in the simulation of three-dimensional theoretical model, changes of parameters in theoretical model will exert a great influence on the shape of galaxy. This theory owns exclusively important meaning, not only to astrophysics, but also to reconstruction and development of relativity theory and the whole basic physics theory, as well as breaking through the current dilemma in studying graviton property.
文摘Analogous to a black body, the empty space surrounding a massive body is theoretically envisioned to radiate thermal gravitational energy in accordance with Planck’s radiation law. Gravitational black-body radiation offers a remarkably compelling solution to the deep, long-standing questions concerning galaxy rotation curves and strong gravitational lensing by large astrophysical systems, without the need to impose a dark matter or massive graviton hypothesis. As with the quantized orbits of the electron in the atom and the classical physics of Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, gravitational black-body radiation represents a truly profound break from the classical physics of Einstein’s general theory of relativity and the emergence of the fundamental quantum nature of gravity.
文摘The idea is to identify via ephemeris time as given by Barbour and an inflaton field as given by Padmanabhan, for scale factor proportional to time to the alpha power and a velocity given by Will for massive gravitons, an initial energy for a massive graviton in space-time. The spatial values for the graviton production could be from the Planckian to Electro weak regime, with a nod to using a worm hole from a prior to a present universe as a delivery font for gravitational energy, as an information carrying bridge from prior universe “information settings” to the present space-time. The number of Gravitons will be set as N, and the initial time, as a tie in with Barbour’s ephemeris time, a constant times Planck time. In setting up the positions, as input into the positions and distributions of gravitons in our model, we will compare results as could be generated by Racetrack inflation, for presumed position of relic gravitons when just produced in the universe, as compared with results given by an adaptation of an argument presented by Crowell, in a modification of the Wheeler de Witt equation he gave germane to worm hole physics. In addition, with this presentation we will discuss entropy generation via graviton production. And compare that with semi classical arguments, as well as Brane-anti brane combinations. The idea will be to in all of this to re set the particulars of massive gravity in such a way as to revisit the outstanding problem of massive gravity: Its predictions do not match those of general relativity in the limit when a massive graviton mass approaches zero In particular, while at small scales, Newton’s gravitational law is recovered, the bending of light is only three quarters of the result Albert Einstein obtained in general
文摘The author presents how to make a link between the low temperature and low entropy of pre big bang state of cosmology as given by Carroll and Chen in 2005, to the quantum cosmology conditions predicted by Weinberg when the temperature reaches 10<sup>32</sup> degrees Kelvin. We do this bridge building in our model construction as a way to get about the fact that cosmological CMB is limited by a red shift about z = 1100, so in order to get our suppositions consistent with observations, we also examine what happens in our model when we introduce quantization via a shift in values of the Hartle-Hawking wave function from a lower value of nearly zero to one which is set via an upper bound of the Planck’s constant of the order of 360 times the square of the Planck’s mass.
文摘Two elementary particles—a photon and a graviton—responsible for interaction with physical objects of two long-range action fields electromagnetic and gravitational are considered. The similarity and distinction of these quantum particles are investigated. It is shown that these particles essentially differ from each other. First of all, they are in different spaces. The photon is in photon space, and the graviton is in Riemann’s space-time. Interaction of a photon and a mass body cannot be calculated in Euclidian space. Interaction of a graviton and a mass body can be calculated in the Euclidian space. Polarizing properties of a gravitational wave both in plane Minkowski’s space, and in curved Riemann’s space-time are in detail considered. The differential equation of a gravitational quantum oscillator is found and its solution is analyzed. Also, the quantum metrics of Riemann’s space-time in presence of graviton and its quantum numbers are found.
文摘According to a series of hypothesis, for the spiral galaxy, a mathematical equation of the graviton movement track is built, it is also the central curve of the nebulae density distribution, which offers the method to measure the moving speed of the graviton. Using the observed images of the M51 galaxy, it confirms that the graviton movement curve in the spiral galaxy conforms to the image, QUOTE QUOTEis a constant. It points out that by measuring the rate of angular motion of the equivalent center in the galaxy, the real speed of the graviton can be estimated. Under the measuring condition of the M51,. The theory presented in this article also helps to calculate the rotation speed of a galaxy, provided the graviton speed is known for certain. With the model in this article and fitting data from the observation images of M51 galaxy, the guess which says “the moving speed of graviton is a constant” is supported unprecedentedly by observation data. It is for the first time that the upper limit of graviton speed, i.e. no more than times of light speed, is obtained from observation data. At the same time, the paper puts forward one possible way that the lower limit of graviton speed may be measured. And a new idea also brought forward in the paper is that the rotational angular velocity w of the equivalent center which plays an important role in a spiral galaxy may be measured according to the observed data of the thickness of galactic center of the spiral galaxy.
