Isatis indigotica Fort., belonging to Cruciferae, is one of the most commonly used plants in traditional Chinese medicine. The accumulation of the effective components of I. indigotica is related with its growth condi...Isatis indigotica Fort., belonging to Cruciferae, is one of the most commonly used plants in traditional Chinese medicine. The accumulation of the effective components of I. indigotica is related with its growth conditions. The GRAS genes are members of a multigene family of transcriptional regulators that play a crucial role in plant growth. Although the activities of many GRAS genes have long been recognized, only in recent years were some of them identified and functionally characterized in detail. In the present study, 41 GRAS genes were identified from 1. indigotica through bioinformatics methods for the first time. They were classified into ten groups according to the classification of Arabidopsis and rice. The characterization, gene structure, conserved motifs, disordered N-terminal domains, and phylogenetic reconstruction of these GRASs were analyzed. Forty-three orthologous gene pairs were shared by I. indigotica and Arabidopsis, and interaction networks of these orthologous genes were constructed. Furthermore, gene expression patterns were investigated by analysis in methyl jasmonate （MeJA）-treated I. indigotica hairy roots based on RNA-seq data. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis would provide rich resources for further studies of GRAS protein functions in this plant.展开更多
笔者旨在进一步了解番茄GRAS基因家族的结构特征和进化信息,为GRAS转录因子的后续研究提供理论基础。利用HMMER 3.0软件,通过从Pfam蛋白数据库中下载的GRAS保守域(PF03514),来鉴定番茄GRAS基因。采用MEGA5.2、Web Logo 3、DNAMAN 5.0、M...笔者旨在进一步了解番茄GRAS基因家族的结构特征和进化信息,为GRAS转录因子的后续研究提供理论基础。利用HMMER 3.0软件,通过从Pfam蛋白数据库中下载的GRAS保守域(PF03514),来鉴定番茄GRAS基因。采用MEGA5.2、Web Logo 3、DNAMAN 5.0、Map Inspect和MEME等软件对其蛋白序列进行生物信息学分析。采用RT-PCR技术检测番茄GRAS基因在番茄根、茎、叶、花和果实中的表达情况。番茄基因组共挖掘出53条GRAS转录子基因,划分为I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII 8个亚族。系统进化树结果显示V和VI组中GRAS家族成员最多,且拟南芥的GRAS基因家族中基因功能类似的基因聚类的在一起,则可能同组内番茄GRAS基因家族成员也具有类似功能;染色体定位分析显示GRAS基因在12条染色体中呈不均匀分布;根据Web Logo 3.0对GRAS基因家族的结构域蛋白分析,结果显示GRAS基因家族的蛋白序列并不都是高度保守的;保守元件分析表明番茄GRAS基因家族成员是部分高度保守的。番茄GRAS基因家族大部分成员结构是高度保守,可能参与调控番茄生长和发育等过程。展开更多
Dietary supplement sales have surpassed $30 billion per year with their use becoming and remaining extremely popular amongst the general public. There are numerous bioactive components, both nutritive and non-nutritiv...Dietary supplement sales have surpassed $30 billion per year with their use becoming and remaining extremely popular amongst the general public. There are numerous bioactive components, both nutritive and non-nutritive, in dietary supplements with considerable efficacy in promoting health. However, there are many ways disallowed ingredients may enter the supplement pipeline with potentially toxic effects. Dietary supplements can be regulated (either pre- or post-market) as a drug, dietary supplement, a nutraceutical, new dietary ingredient (NDI), generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient, a food additive, or a food. A pharmaceutical drug (medication) is used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease and is regulated by the FDA pre-market only and allowed by medical prescription, whereas the other labeling designations are largely regulated post-market. One such molecule with a labeling problem is tianeptine, which has global use as an efficacious, prescribed drug, while at the same time being considered a non-drug and potentially dangerous adulterant often referred to as gas station heroin. In this paper, we critically evaluate the use and labeling of this compound and attempt to clarify the conundrum surrounding its legal or illegal use. Tianeptine is effective and efficacious as an antidepressant in those responding poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and exhibits many medicinal characteristics of tricyclic antidepressants with fewer opioid-like side effects. As a result, sixty-six countries permit use of tianeptine as a prescription drug. At higher doses, tianeptine has recently been shown to exhibit significant potential for abuse and dependency along with toxicity. As such, the US does not recognize tianeptine as an FDA-approved drug or as a dietary supplement, nutraceutical, new dietary ingredient (NDI), GRAS ingredient, or a food. Instead, tianeptine is a synthetic adulterant of a dietary supplement and considered technically an unapproved food additive. In conclusion, 展开更多
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81303160 and 81325024)
文摘Isatis indigotica Fort., belonging to Cruciferae, is one of the most commonly used plants in traditional Chinese medicine. The accumulation of the effective components of I. indigotica is related with its growth conditions. The GRAS genes are members of a multigene family of transcriptional regulators that play a crucial role in plant growth. Although the activities of many GRAS genes have long been recognized, only in recent years were some of them identified and functionally characterized in detail. In the present study, 41 GRAS genes were identified from 1. indigotica through bioinformatics methods for the first time. They were classified into ten groups according to the classification of Arabidopsis and rice. The characterization, gene structure, conserved motifs, disordered N-terminal domains, and phylogenetic reconstruction of these GRASs were analyzed. Forty-three orthologous gene pairs were shared by I. indigotica and Arabidopsis, and interaction networks of these orthologous genes were constructed. Furthermore, gene expression patterns were investigated by analysis in methyl jasmonate （MeJA）-treated I. indigotica hairy roots based on RNA-seq data. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis would provide rich resources for further studies of GRAS protein functions in this plant.
文摘笔者旨在进一步了解番茄GRAS基因家族的结构特征和进化信息,为GRAS转录因子的后续研究提供理论基础。利用HMMER 3.0软件,通过从Pfam蛋白数据库中下载的GRAS保守域(PF03514),来鉴定番茄GRAS基因。采用MEGA5.2、Web Logo 3、DNAMAN 5.0、Map Inspect和MEME等软件对其蛋白序列进行生物信息学分析。采用RT-PCR技术检测番茄GRAS基因在番茄根、茎、叶、花和果实中的表达情况。番茄基因组共挖掘出53条GRAS转录子基因,划分为I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII 8个亚族。系统进化树结果显示V和VI组中GRAS家族成员最多,且拟南芥的GRAS基因家族中基因功能类似的基因聚类的在一起,则可能同组内番茄GRAS基因家族成员也具有类似功能;染色体定位分析显示GRAS基因在12条染色体中呈不均匀分布;根据Web Logo 3.0对GRAS基因家族的结构域蛋白分析,结果显示GRAS基因家族的蛋白序列并不都是高度保守的;保守元件分析表明番茄GRAS基因家族成员是部分高度保守的。番茄GRAS基因家族大部分成员结构是高度保守,可能参与调控番茄生长和发育等过程。
文摘Dietary supplement sales have surpassed $30 billion per year with their use becoming and remaining extremely popular amongst the general public. There are numerous bioactive components, both nutritive and non-nutritive, in dietary supplements with considerable efficacy in promoting health. However, there are many ways disallowed ingredients may enter the supplement pipeline with potentially toxic effects. Dietary supplements can be regulated (either pre- or post-market) as a drug, dietary supplement, a nutraceutical, new dietary ingredient (NDI), generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient, a food additive, or a food. A pharmaceutical drug (medication) is used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease and is regulated by the FDA pre-market only and allowed by medical prescription, whereas the other labeling designations are largely regulated post-market. One such molecule with a labeling problem is tianeptine, which has global use as an efficacious, prescribed drug, while at the same time being considered a non-drug and potentially dangerous adulterant often referred to as gas station heroin. In this paper, we critically evaluate the use and labeling of this compound and attempt to clarify the conundrum surrounding its legal or illegal use. Tianeptine is effective and efficacious as an antidepressant in those responding poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and exhibits many medicinal characteristics of tricyclic antidepressants with fewer opioid-like side effects. As a result, sixty-six countries permit use of tianeptine as a prescription drug. At higher doses, tianeptine has recently been shown to exhibit significant potential for abuse and dependency along with toxicity. As such, the US does not recognize tianeptine as an FDA-approved drug or as a dietary supplement, nutraceutical, new dietary ingredient (NDI), GRAS ingredient, or a food. Instead, tianeptine is a synthetic adulterant of a dietary supplement and considered technically an unapproved food additive. In conclusion,
