Benefits of the red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis</i> <i>taxiformis</i> as an ingredient to manage methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to ev...Benefits of the red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis</i> <i>taxiformis</i> as an ingredient to manage methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to evolve. <i>Asparagopsis</i> has been demonstrated to eliminate enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emissions <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> and reduce it greater than 80% in animals. Variability in animal studies is suspected to be associated with variable inclusion and proportions of grass and grain in the diet. This <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> study aimed to elucidate effects of gradient grass to grain proportions in the fermentation using five steps from 100% Rhodes grass (RG) to 100% barley grain (BG). Gradient inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> was in six steps of Control with no inclusion (C), Low (L), Low-Medium (LM), Medium (M), Medium-High (MH), and High (H) levels tested in three fermentation durations (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). There was significant effect of RG/BG and inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> such that CH<sub>4</sub> production decreased with increasing <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG;however, there was enhanced reduction at greater proportions of BG. Thus, the level of <i>Asparagopsis</i> required to completely inhibit CH<sub>4</sub> production <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> was decreased with decreasing RG/BG. Increasing the duration of fermentation had greatest effect on CH<sub>4</sub> at C, L, and LM levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG, although magnitude of CH<sub>4</sub> production was greater for higher proportions of BG for the C and L levels. Digestibility of <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> substrate increased with fermentation duration and increasing BG;however, there was no change associated with inclusion levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i>. Increases in total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) were observed with increased fermentation duration and concomitant with increasing substrate digestion. Increasing proportions of BG induced increase in tVFA. In contrast, and independent of changes in substrate, increasing inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i>展开更多
文摘Benefits of the red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis</i> <i>taxiformis</i> as an ingredient to manage methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to evolve. <i>Asparagopsis</i> has been demonstrated to eliminate enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emissions <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> and reduce it greater than 80% in animals. Variability in animal studies is suspected to be associated with variable inclusion and proportions of grass and grain in the diet. This <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> study aimed to elucidate effects of gradient grass to grain proportions in the fermentation using five steps from 100% Rhodes grass (RG) to 100% barley grain (BG). Gradient inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> was in six steps of Control with no inclusion (C), Low (L), Low-Medium (LM), Medium (M), Medium-High (MH), and High (H) levels tested in three fermentation durations (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). There was significant effect of RG/BG and inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> such that CH<sub>4</sub> production decreased with increasing <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG;however, there was enhanced reduction at greater proportions of BG. Thus, the level of <i>Asparagopsis</i> required to completely inhibit CH<sub>4</sub> production <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> was decreased with decreasing RG/BG. Increasing the duration of fermentation had greatest effect on CH<sub>4</sub> at C, L, and LM levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG, although magnitude of CH<sub>4</sub> production was greater for higher proportions of BG for the C and L levels. Digestibility of <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> substrate increased with fermentation duration and increasing BG;however, there was no change associated with inclusion levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i>. Increases in total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) were observed with increased fermentation duration and concomitant with increasing substrate digestion. Increasing proportions of BG induced increase in tVFA. In contrast, and independent of changes in substrate, increasing inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i>
