The first Sinomastodon(Gomphotheriidae,Proboscidea) skull of the Early Pleistocene,collected from the Renzidong Cave deposits in Anhui Province,Eastern China,is described here as S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.As the only bre...The first Sinomastodon(Gomphotheriidae,Proboscidea) skull of the Early Pleistocene,collected from the Renzidong Cave deposits in Anhui Province,Eastern China,is described here as S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.As the only brevirostrine trilophodont gomphotheriid known from the Old World,Sinomastodon was mainly indigenous to China from the Early Pliocene to the Pleistocene.Compared with a few single Pleistocene teeth previously found in China,S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.is represented by a relatively complete skull,mandible and dentition,which is the first discovery of a Quaternary Sinomastodon skull from China.With a brevirostrine,elephant-like skull,no lower tusks,and simple bunodont and trilophodont intermediate molars,the new species is morphologically distinct from other gomphotheres and should belong to the genus Sinomastodon.The new species is more progressive than S.hanjiangensis and the Pliocene type species S.intermedius in its skull and mandible morphology,but is evidently more primitive than the Pleistocene S.yangziensis in its molar morphology.The faunal analysis suggests that the emergence of S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.in Jiangnan area and its southward migration may have been related to a cooling event at the beginning of the Quaternary in Eastern China.展开更多
The contemporary South American mammalian communities were determined by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama and by the profound climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene.Horses and gomphotheres were 2 very cons...The contemporary South American mammalian communities were determined by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama and by the profound climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene.Horses and gomphotheres were 2 very conspicuous groups of immigrant mammals from North America that arrived in South America during the Pleistocene.The present study compiles updated data on the phylogeny,systematics and ecology of both groups in South America.The horses in South America are represented by 2 genera,Hippidion and Equus,as are the gomphotheres,represented by Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon.Both genera of horses include small(Hippidion devillei,H.saldiasi,E.andium and E.insulatus)and large forms(Equus neogeus and H.principale),which dispersed into South America using 2 different routes.The possible model for this dispersion indicates that the small forms used the Andes corridor,while larger horses dispersed through the eastern route and through some coastal areas.In the case of gomphotheres,Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon reached South America in 2 independent dispersal events,and Cuvieronius dispersed across the Andean corridor,while large Stegomastodon spread along the eastern route.Horses and gomphotheres present values ofδ^(13)C from woodlands to C4 grasslands.Hippidion present lower values ofδ^(13)C than Equus in the late Pleistocene,whereas the gomphotheres diverge from value ofδ^(18)O,reflecting that Cuvieronius inhabited the Andean corridor and Stegomastodon dispersed through eastern plains.The gomphothere and horse species recorded in South America became extinct around the time that humans arrived.展开更多
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2YW-159 and KZZD-EW-03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41072013,41202017 and J0930007)+1 种基金the China Geological Survey (1212011220519 and 1212011120118)the Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates,CAS(2011LESV007)
文摘The first Sinomastodon(Gomphotheriidae,Proboscidea) skull of the Early Pleistocene,collected from the Renzidong Cave deposits in Anhui Province,Eastern China,is described here as S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.As the only brevirostrine trilophodont gomphotheriid known from the Old World,Sinomastodon was mainly indigenous to China from the Early Pliocene to the Pleistocene.Compared with a few single Pleistocene teeth previously found in China,S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.is represented by a relatively complete skull,mandible and dentition,which is the first discovery of a Quaternary Sinomastodon skull from China.With a brevirostrine,elephant-like skull,no lower tusks,and simple bunodont and trilophodont intermediate molars,the new species is morphologically distinct from other gomphotheres and should belong to the genus Sinomastodon.The new species is more progressive than S.hanjiangensis and the Pliocene type species S.intermedius in its skull and mandible morphology,but is evidently more primitive than the Pleistocene S.yangziensis in its molar morphology.The faunal analysis suggests that the emergence of S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.in Jiangnan area and its southward migration may have been related to a cooling event at the beginning of the Quaternary in Eastern China.
基金We wish to express our thanks to Maria Rita Palombo for inviting us to collaborate in this volume.We thank Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales and 2 anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.Dan Rafuse and Stefan Gabriel revised the English text.This work has been made possible thanks to Research Project DGICYT CGL2010-19116/BOS and AECID Projects A/023681/09 and A/030111/10,SpainThe contribution of the National University of Central Buenos Aires Province and Grants ANPCYT PICT 11-0561.
文摘The contemporary South American mammalian communities were determined by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama and by the profound climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene.Horses and gomphotheres were 2 very conspicuous groups of immigrant mammals from North America that arrived in South America during the Pleistocene.The present study compiles updated data on the phylogeny,systematics and ecology of both groups in South America.The horses in South America are represented by 2 genera,Hippidion and Equus,as are the gomphotheres,represented by Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon.Both genera of horses include small(Hippidion devillei,H.saldiasi,E.andium and E.insulatus)and large forms(Equus neogeus and H.principale),which dispersed into South America using 2 different routes.The possible model for this dispersion indicates that the small forms used the Andes corridor,while larger horses dispersed through the eastern route and through some coastal areas.In the case of gomphotheres,Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon reached South America in 2 independent dispersal events,and Cuvieronius dispersed across the Andean corridor,while large Stegomastodon spread along the eastern route.Horses and gomphotheres present values ofδ^(13)C from woodlands to C4 grasslands.Hippidion present lower values ofδ^(13)C than Equus in the late Pleistocene,whereas the gomphotheres diverge from value ofδ^(18)O,reflecting that Cuvieronius inhabited the Andean corridor and Stegomastodon dispersed through eastern plains.The gomphothere and horse species recorded in South America became extinct around the time that humans arrived.
